{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:46:47Z","timestamp":1792784807419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/000458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/000458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Ministerstvo ?kolstv?, Ml?de?e a Telov?chovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048snh465","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Grantov? Agentura Cesk? Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPRO: 25-15484X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPRO: 25-15484X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The health of the female reproductive system is increasingly threatened by emerging environmental contaminants that cause potential bacterial infections, cancer, and fertility problems. Yet effective strategies for the localized removal of these contaminants remain largely unexplored. Among these contaminants, microplastics have emerged as a major global health concern, with growing evidence of their accumulation in human tissues and associated with infectious diseases, carcinogenesis, cellular aging, and infertility due to direct or indirect contact with synthetic fabrics, plastic kitchenware, and disposable feminine hygiene products. Despite these risks, the removal of retained microplastics, particularly from sensitive reproductive environments, remains a significant challenge in biomedical research. Here, we report an image-guided magnetic soft microrobot platform designed for targeted microplastic capture and biofilm eradication within the female reproductive system. Magnetic soft microrobots were fabricated using a droplet solidification method and functionalized with a polydopamine coating via self-polymerization to enhance the surface adhesion and capture efficiency. Real-time visualization and precise navigation were enabled under X-ray fluoroscopy through the incorporation of tantalum-based contrast agents. Functionally, the magnetic soft microrobots inhibited up to 67% of biofilm growth and achieved microplastic capture efficiencies of up to 80% in phosphate-buffered saline and 50% in simulated vaginal fluid, demonstrating a robust performance under biologically relevant conditions. This study demonstrates the integration and application of image-guided microrobots for the removal of microplastics and biofilms in the female reproductive system, offering a promising strategy for minimally invasive interventions to protect reproductive health from environmental pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c02432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:47:11Z","timestamp":1788468431000},"page":"25264-25274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Image-Guided Magnetic\nMicrorobots for Microplastic\nCapture and Biofilm Removal in the Female Reproductive System"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-2796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatma M.","family":"Yurtsever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purkyn\u030cova 123 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purkyn\u030cova 123 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Mara\u0301kova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mendel University in Brno , , Zeme\u030cde\u030clska\u0301 1665\/1 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 613 00"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4356-2363","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roshan","family":"Velluvakandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purkyn\u030cova 123 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Odehnalova\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Anne\u2019s University Hospital Brno , , Pekar\u030cska\u0301 664\/53 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 602 00"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Hejc\u030c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Anne\u2019s University Hospital Brno , , Pekar\u030cska\u0301 664\/53 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 602 00"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-7270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zbyne\u030ck","family":"Heger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mendel University in Brno , , Zeme\u030cde\u030clska\u0301 1665\/1 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 613 00"]},{"name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava , , ,","place":["Ostrava, Czech Republic, CZ-708 00"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5846-2951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Pumera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purkyn\u030cova 123 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]},{"name":"China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University , , No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road , ,","place":["Taichung, Taiwan, 40402"]},{"name":"Asia University , , ,","place":["Taichung, Taiwan, 40402"]},{"name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava , , 17. Listopadu 2172\/15 , ,","place":["Ostrava, Czech Republic, 70800"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026092216102339700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-023-01593-3","article-title":"Microplastic\nSources, Formation, Toxicity and Remediation: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Osman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.101013","article-title":"Microplastics Pollution\nin Wastewater: Characteristics,\nOccurrence and Removal Technologies","volume":"19","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ.\nTechnol. Innov."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124399","article-title":"Microplastics\nand Nanoplastics in the Environment: Macroscopic Transport\nand Effects on Creatures","volume":"407","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit4","volume-title":"Global Plastics Outlook:\nPolicy Scenarios to 2060","author":"OECD.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"172","key":"2026092216102339700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230226","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0226-2023","article-title":"Microplastic and Plastic Pollution:\nImpact on Respiratory\nDisease and Health","volume":"33","author":"Vasse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"issue":"6530","key":"2026092216102339700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5041","article-title":"Microplastics and Human\nHealth","volume":"371","author":"Vethaak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092216102339700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr8243","article-title":"Microplastics\nin the Bloodstream Can Induce Cerebral Thrombosis by Causing Cell\nObstruction and Lead to Neurobehavioral Abnormalities","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026092216102339700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01541","article-title":"Features, Potential Invasion Pathways,\nand Reproductive Health Risks of Microplastics Detected in Human Uterus","volume":"58","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179879","article-title":"Human Exposure\nto Micro- and Nanoplastics:\nA Mechanistic Perspective of Health Risks Associated with Metabolic\nand Reproductive Functions","volume":"989","author":"Varma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107199","article-title":"Discovery and Quantification of Plastic Particle Pollution\nin Human Blood","volume":"163","author":"Leslie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092216102339700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309822","article-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics\nin Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events","volume":"390","author":"Marfella","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl.\nJ. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092216102339700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00052","article-title":"Potential\nHealth Impact of Microplastics: A Review of Environmental Distribution,\nHuman Exposure, and Toxic Effects","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.\nHealth"},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.056","article-title":"Size-Dependent\nEffects\nof Polystyrene Microplastics on Cytotoxicity and Efflux Pump Inhibition\nin Human Caco-2 Cells","volume":"221","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127861","article-title":"A Rapid Review and\nMeta-Regression Analyses of the Toxicological Impacts of Microplastic\nExposure in Human Cells","volume":"427","author":"Danopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330396","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1330396","article-title":"Microplastics\nExposure: Implications for Human Fertility, Pregnancy and Child Health","volume":"14","author":"Zurub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092216102339700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03902-5","article-title":"Health\nImpacts of Microplastic and Nanoplastic Exposure","volume":"31","author":"Lamoree","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254886","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1254886","article-title":"Toxicity\nof Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Invisible Killers of Female Fertility\nand Offspring Health","volume":"14","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127629","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induced Female Reproductive Toxicity in\nMice","volume":"424","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155825","article-title":"Oxidative\nStress Mediated\nby the TLR4\/NOX2 Signalling Axis Is Involved in Polystyrene Microplastic-Induced\nUterine Fibrosis in Mice","volume":"838","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092216102339700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34594","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18218-3","article-title":"Exposure to\nMicroplastics Leads to\na Defective Ovarian Function and Change in Cytoskeleton Protein Expression\nin Rat","volume":"29","author":"Haddadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092216102339700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EN00755F","article-title":"Release of\nMicroplastic Fibres and Fragmentation to Billions of Nanoplastics\nfrom Period Products: Preliminary Assessment of Potential Health Implications","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026092216102339700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311253120","article-title":"Are Microplastics\nSpreading Infectious Disease?","volume":"120","author":"Beans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153694","article-title":"Can Microplastics Facilitate the Emergence of Infectious Diseases?","volume":"823","author":"Loiseau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133005","article-title":"Microplastic-Associated\nPathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Environment","volume":"291","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120402","article-title":"Behavior of\nNitrogen, Phosphorus and Antibiotic Resistance Genes under Polyvinyl\nChloride Microplastics Pressures in an Aerobic Granular Sludge System","volume":"256","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092216102339700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100230","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100230","article-title":"Microplastic Removal and Degradation\nby Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Magnetic\/Enzymatic Microrobots","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c00240","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired\nPolydopamine-Induced Minocycline Release and Fluorapatite Coating\nfor the Design of Novel Orthodontic Appliances with Both Antibacterial\nand Remineralization Abilities","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Biomater.\nSci. Eng."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272527","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1272527","article-title":"Bio-Inspired Nanocomposite\nCoatings on Orthodontic Archwires with Corrosion Resistant and Antibacterial\nProperties","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092216102339700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00641-2","article-title":"Materials Consideration\nfor the Design,\nFabrication and Operation of Microscale Robots","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2022.110855","article-title":"Study of the Solvothermal Method Time Variation Effects\non Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Features","volume":"169","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092216102339700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202508299","article-title":"Virus Enhanced Microrobots for Biofilm Eradication","volume":"38","author":"Jyoti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.06.027","article-title":"Uniform Polydimethylsiloxane Beads\nCoated with Polydopamine and Their Potential Biomedical Applications","volume":"121","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092216102339700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB03320J","article-title":"Glucose Oxidase and Polydopamine\nFunctionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Combination of the Photothermal\nEffect and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Dual-Modality Selective\nCancer Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092216102339700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC05512G","article-title":"Revisiting the Adhesion\nMechanism\nof Mussel-Inspired Chemistry","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092216102339700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(99)00010-4","article-title":"A Vaginal Fluid\nSimulant","volume":"59","author":"Owen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2026092216102339700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121185","article-title":"A Bilayer Vaginal Tablet\nfor the\nLocalized Delivery of Disulfiram and 5-Fluorouracil to the Cervix","volume":"12","author":"Abidin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c02432","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/37\/25264\/68286486\/acsnano.6c02432.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/37\/25264\/68286486\/acsnano.6c02432.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:10:55Z","timestamp":1790107855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/37\/25264\/5413438\/Image-Guided-Magnetic-Microrobots-for-Microplastic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c02432","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]}}}