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Although microvascular remodeling is a pivotal driver of IBD progression, its contribution to imaging-based activity assessment remains insufficiently characterized owing to the rapid extravasation and short intravascular residence of current contrast agents. Here, an ultralow-dose MRE strategy is developed using a long-circulating (half-life \u2248 5 h), high-relaxivity (r1 = 40.89 mM\u20131 s\u20131 at 3.0 T) ultrasensitive nanoprobe to enable direct visualization and quantitative characterization of intestinal microvascular remodeling in vivo. In a rat colitis model, this approach reveals dynamic microvascular alterations during inflammatory progression and generates enhancement patterns that reflect both vascular retention and permeability-associated changes. Quantitative analysis of vascular imaging features enabled the development of a microvascular feature index (MFI), which was significantly associated with histopathological inflammatory activity. Integration of MFI with conventional MR metrics improved disease activity stratification by distinguishing low-activity lesions from moderate-to-severe inflammatory activity. This work establishes inflammation-associated vascular remodeling as an imaging-accessible biological process and demonstrates that contrast kinetics engineering can enable its quantitative characterization as an imaging biomarker. The resulting microvascular-centered framework complements conventional MRE and provides a biologically informed approach for inflammatory activity assessment in IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c05323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:02:33Z","timestamp":1788537753000},"page":"25302-25317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visualizing Microvascular\nRemodeling for Precise Staging\nof Inflammatory Bowel Disease via Ultralow-Dose Magnetic Resonance\nEnterography"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3769-0012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gang","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9004-2543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6136-9969","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shao-Kai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac156","article-title":"Mycobiome and Inflammatory\nBowel Disease: Role in Disease Pathogenesis, Current Approaches and\nNovel Nutritional-Based Therapies","volume":"29","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm.\nBowel Dis."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","article-title":"The Global\nBurden of IBD: from 2015 to 2025","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nGastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01097-1","article-title":"The Global\nBurden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: from 2025 to 2045","volume":"22","author":"Kaplan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092216102319300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of\ninflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017:\na systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330000","article-title":"Rise of Precision\nMedicine: Can It Deliver on Its Promise in IBD?","volume":"75","author":"Schreiber","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i1.21","article-title":"Differential\nDiagnosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Colitis: State of the Art\nand Future Perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Tontini","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab228","article-title":"Early Diagnosis, Early\nStratification, and Early Intervention to Deliver Precision Medicine\nin IBD","volume":"28","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.02.072","article-title":"From Symptom\nto Diagnosis: Clinical Distinctions Among Various Forms of Intestinal\nInflammation","volume":"126","author":"Sands","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i35.4014","article-title":"Endoscopy in Inflammatory\nBowel Disease: Role in Diagnosis,\nManagement, and Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Spiceland","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jjaf120","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf120","article-title":"Longitudinal Profiles\nof Fecal Calprotectin and C-Reactive\nProtein in Relation to Outcomes in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients\non Infliximab","volume":"19","author":"Magro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11246","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i40.11246","article-title":"Disease Monitoring\nin Inflammatory\nBowel Disease","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303957","article-title":"Role of Endoscopy,\nCross-sectional\nImaging and Biomarkers in Crohn\u2019s Disease Monitoring","volume":"62","author":"Benitez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.241452","article-title":"How I Do It: Cross-sectional Imaging\nin Small-Bowel Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"314","author":"Hameed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.06.002","article-title":"Role of Noninvasive\nImaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Suspected\nand Established Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"169","author":"Kucharzik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092216102319300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.114314","article-title":"Angiogenesis\nBlockade As a New Therapeutic\nApproach to Experimental Colitis","volume":"56","author":"Danese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970890","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/970890","article-title":"Angiogenesis\nin Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Alkim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflam."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065517","article-title":"Contribution of Blood Vessel Activation,\nRemodeling and Barrier Function to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Britzen-Laurent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13051154","article-title":"Angiogenic Factors and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200409000-00011","article-title":"Serum bFGF and VEGF Correlate Respectively with Bowel\nWall Thickness and Intramural Blood Flow in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Di Sabatino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00699-1","article-title":"Acquired\nMicrovascular Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Loss of Nitric\nOxide-Mediated Vasodilation","volume":"125","author":"Hatoum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000160772.78951.61","article-title":"The Vasculature\nand Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Contribution\nto Pathogenesis and Clinical Pathology","volume":"11","author":"Hatoum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm.\nBowel Dis."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw076","article-title":"Fibrotic and\nVascular Remodelling of Colonic Wall in Patients with Active Ulcerative\nColitis","volume":"10","author":"Ippolito","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.11.007","article-title":"Radiation\nExposure from Diagnostic Imaging Among Patients with Gastrointestinal\nDisorders","volume":"10","author":"Desmond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz219","article-title":"Utilization of Diagnostic\nImaging and Ionization Radiation Exposure Among an Inflammatory Bowel\nDisease Inception Cohort","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy048","article-title":"Ultrasound\nfor Assessing Disease Activity in IBD Patients:\nA Systematic Review of Activity Scores","volume":"12","author":"Bots","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns\nColitis"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa151","article-title":"Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"15","author":"Allocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326562","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin Clinical Practice: Advances in Cross-sectional Imaging in Inflammatory\nBowel Disease","volume":"71","author":"Rimola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3806-0","article-title":"Gadolinium-Based\nContrast Agents\nin Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"47","author":"Gale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr.\nRadiol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900232t","article-title":"Macromolecules, Dendrimers, and Nanomaterials\nin Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Interplay Between Size, Function,\nand Pharmacokinetics","volume":"110","author":"Villaraza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.144","article-title":"Imaging Techniques\nin IBD and Their Role in Follow-up and Surveillance","volume":"11","author":"Eliakim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161595","article-title":"Gadolinium Deposition\nin Human Brain Tissues After Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging in Adult\nPatients without Intracranial Abnormalities","volume":"285","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.08.013","article-title":"Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Review of 370 Biopsy-Confirmed\nCases","volume":"4","author":"Zou","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181151","article-title":"Gadolinium Retention: A Research\nRoadmap from the 2018\nNIH\/ACR\/RSNA Workshop on Gadolinium Chelates","volume":"289","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.154066","article-title":"Carboxylated\nAlbumin as a Dual-Purpose\nTemplate for Fabricating Gadolinium Oxide Nanoprobe with High Metal\nLoading and Exceptional Relaxivity","volume":"496","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng.\nJ."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00623","article-title":"Non-Invasive Diagnosis and Postoperative Evaluation\nof Carotid Artery Stenosis by BSA-Gd2O3 Nanoparticles-Based\nMagnetic Resonance Angiography","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio\nMater."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104487","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104487","article-title":"Use of Nanoformulation to Target Macrophages for Disease Treatment","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804567","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804567","article-title":"Structure-Relaxivity\nRelationships of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14605","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c00484","article-title":"Design Considerations for Organ-Selective\nNanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Baek","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR06580G","article-title":"Nanoparticle Protein Corona Evolution:\nfrom Biological Impact to Biomarker Discovery","volume":"14","author":"Kamaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070593","article-title":"Multiple Pathogenic\nRoles of Microvasculature in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Jack of\nAll Trades","volume":"172","author":"Deban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-012-9853-y","article-title":"Value of T2-Weighted\nMagnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Wall Inflammation\nand Fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"37","author":"Maccioni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Abdom\nImaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092216102319300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319451","article-title":"Intestinal Ultrasound for Monitoring\nTherapeutic Response in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: Results\nfrom the TRUST&UC Study","volume":"69","author":"Maaser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026092216102319300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.04.005","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines\nof ECCO\/ESPGHAN on the Medical Management of Pediatric Crohn\u2019s\nDisease","volume":"8","author":"Ruemmele","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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