{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T14:29:49Z","timestamp":1794493789214,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Selective transport in nanoconfined channels depends not only on channel size, but also on the dynamic stability and local physicochemical environment of the transport pathway under operation. In two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) membranes, however, hydration-induced swelling and pressure-driven laminar deformation often destabilize the interlayer spaces, limiting precise water\/salt separation. Here, we report a hierarchical nanochannel aperture-in-interlayer engineering strategy that integrates structural locking of GO laminates with macrocyclic cavity-mediated microenvironment reorganization. Controlled chemical conversion suppresses interlayer swelling and stabilizes the operative slit-like channels, thereby enhancing channel integrity and sieving capability. Subsequent participation of macrocycles introduces a localized cavity-bearing transport regulator into the locked interlayer channels, partially reconstructing the confined transport topology and tailoring local interactions with water molecules and ions. This slit-cavity coupled architecture differentiates water and salt transport by balancing channel confinement, cavity accessibility, and interfacial microenvironment. Among the macrocycles examined, the optimum matched cavity shows the best overall separation performance, with Na2SO4 and NaCl rejections of \u223c99.8% and \u223c95%, respectively. More broadly, this work establishes a general route for reorganizing transport in 2D laminar membranes through the integration of structural stabilization and molecular cavity regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c05585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:19:32Z","timestamp":1785849572000},"page":"21872-21883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Aperture-in-Interlayer\nEngineering of 2D Graphene\nOxide Nanochannels via Structural Locking and Macrocyclic Cavity Reorganization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6915-9340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liheng","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4924-7480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kecheng","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erda","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueru","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohuan","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-4905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideto","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]},{"name":"Kobe University , , 1-1 Rokkodai , , ,","place":["Nada, Kobe, Japan, 657-8501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026081111114590300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00344-0","article-title":"Nanofluidics","volume":"4","author":"Emmerich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods\nPrimers"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081111114590300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-00268-7","article-title":"Artificial channels for confined\nmass transport at the sub-nanometre scale","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026081111114590300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202504134","article-title":"Emerging Porous\nConductive Ion-Selective Membranes for Sustainable Energy Devices","volume":"64","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081111114590300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00272E","article-title":"Functionalized 2D membranes for separations at the 1-nm scale","volume":"53","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"7898","key":"2026081111114590300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04407-8","article-title":"Free-standing homochiral 2D monolayers\nby exfoliation of molecular crystals","volume":"602","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081111114590300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310954","article-title":"Efficient\nFlow Synthesis of Aspirin within 2D Sub-Nanoconfined Laminar Annealed\nGraphene Oxide Membranes","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026081111114590300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6753","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00025","article-title":"From Layered Crystals to Permselective\nMembranes: History, Fundamentals, and Opportunities","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081111114590300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00382E","article-title":"Bioinspired\n2D nanofluidic membranes\nfor energy applications","volume":"53","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026081111114590300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13686","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03650","article-title":"Sodium-Ion\nTraps in a Two-Dimensional Confined Channel for Effective Water and\nIon Selective Transport","volume":"24","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081111114590300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56358-z","article-title":"Quasi-vertically asymmetric\nchannels of graphene oxide membrane for\nultrafast ion sieving","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026081111114590300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.74597","article-title":"Heterogeneity-Guided\nInterlayer Tuning in Vermiculite-MOF Membranes for Efficient Li+\/Mg2+\nSeparation","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081111114590300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz5523","article-title":"Two-dimensional lamellar nanosheet membranes with intrinsic\nsize-sieving nanopores for ultrafast hydrogen separation","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081111114590300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42401-4","article-title":"Anomalous\nwater molecular gating from atomic-scale graphene capillaries for\nprecise and ultrafast molecular sieving","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026081111114590300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202311237","article-title":"Nanochannel Stability of Chemically\nConverted Graphene\nOxide Membranes","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081111114590300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36716-5","article-title":"Deformation\nconstraints of graphene oxide nanochannels under reverse osmosis","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7676","key":"2026081111114590300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24044","article-title":"Ion sieving in graphene oxide membranes via cationic control of interlayer\nspacing","volume":"550","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081111114590300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201913010","article-title":"Molecular\nBridges Stabilize Graphene Oxide Membranes in Water","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081111114590300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2022.05.016","article-title":"Self-crosslinking\nof graphene oxide\nsheets by dehydration","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081111114590300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202516359","article-title":"Sub-1 \u00c5 Precision Tuning Interlayer\nSpacing of Robust Graphene\nOxide Membranes for High-Selectivity Molecular Sieving","volume":"36","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081111114590300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c17289","article-title":"Mechanically Strengthened\nGraphene Oxide: Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Monovalent\/Divalent\nCation Selectivity via Electrodialysis","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081111114590300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202311141","article-title":"Interlayer\nEngineering of Layered Materials for Efficient Ion Separation and\nStorage","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081111114590300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01971-8","article-title":"Strain-induced crumpling\nof graphene oxide lamellas to achieve fast and selective transport\nof H2 and CO2","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026081111114590300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404164","article-title":"Unraveling Anomalies\nin Preferential Liquid Transport through the Intrinsic Pores of Cyclodextrin\nin Polyester Nanofilms","volume":"36","author":"Puhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081111114590300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14742","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c15413","article-title":"Manipulating\nIntrapore Energy Barriers in Graphene\nOxide Nanochannels for Targeted Removal of Short-Chain PFAS","volume":"19","author":"Mahofa","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081111114590300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202200461","article-title":"Biomimic Heterostructured\nGraphene Oxide Membranes via Supramolecular-Mediated Intercalation\nAssembly for Efficient Water Transport","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081111114590300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01579-w","article-title":"Controllable van der\nWaals gaps by water adsorption","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026081111114590300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24807","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA03960A","article-title":"Intermolecular\ninteractions between \u03b2-cyclodextrin\nand water","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081111114590300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1021\/ic1021609","article-title":"Molecule-Ion Interaction\nand Its Effect on Electrostatic Interaction\nin the System of Copper Chloride and \u03b2-Cyclodextrin","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081111114590300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6347","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2013946","article-title":"Hydration\nProperties of \u03b1-, \u03b2-, and \u03b3-Cyclodextrins\nfrom Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"115","author":"Jana","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081111114590300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1996.0385","article-title":"Adsorption\nBehavior of Water Molecules onto \u03b1-, \u03b2-, and \u03b3-Cyclodextrins\nand Branched \u03b1-Cyclodextrins","volume":"181","author":"Tanada","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Colloid\nInterface Sci."},{"key":"2026081111114590300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122543","article-title":"Functionalized\ncomposite nanofiber membranes for selective steroid hormone micropollutants\nuptake from water: Role of cyclodextrin type","volume":"267","author":"Imbrogno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081111114590300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04772","article-title":"Roles of Anion\u2013Cation\nCoupling Transport and Dehydration-Induced Ion\u2013Membrane Interaction\nin Precise Separation of Ions by Nanofiltration Membranes","volume":"56","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081111114590300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.120862","article-title":"Rapid construction\nof cyclodextrin polyester layer on polyamide for preparing highly\npermeable reverse osmosis membrane","volume":"660","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081111114590300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu8302","article-title":"Deciphering co-ion and counterion transport in polyamide desalination\nmembranes reveals ion selectivity mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081111114590300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48681-8","article-title":"Electrostatic-induced ion-confined partitioning in graphene nanolaminate\nmembrane for breaking anion\u2013cation co-transport to enhance\ndesalination","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081111114590300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6095","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c01541","article-title":"Side-Chain-Dependent\nFunctional Intercalations\nin Graphene Oxide Membranes for Selective Water and Ion Transport","volume":"23","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c05585","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/31\/21872\/66334043\/acsnano.6c05585.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/31\/21872\/66334043\/acsnano.6c05585.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:30:28Z","timestamp":1786462228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/31\/21872\/5236977\/Aperture-in-Interlayer-Engineering-of-2D-Graphene"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c05585","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c05585.s001","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}