{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:54:15Z","timestamp":1791914055419,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) on copper (Cu) catalysts holds great promise for the sustainable production of value-added carbonaceous chemicals and fuels. However, these Cu nanostructures suffer from severe surface reconstruction due to Cu\u2019s oxidation, dissolution, and redeposition during electrolysis, resulting in rapid deactivation and poor product selectivity. Here, we report an efficient strategy to suppress Cu catalyst reconstruction by alloying with tin (Sn) to form a Cu\u2013Sn alloy catalyst layer (ACL), in which an in situ electrochemically generated oxidized Sn layer plays an essential role in preventing the oxidation and dissolution of Cu during CO2RR. Moreover, by tuning the geometry of Cu mesh substrates, we exploit electric-field-induced reactant distribution (EIRD) to enhance the proposed alloying effect further, achieving improved CO selectivity and suppressed hydrogen evolution. The optimized Cu\u2013Sn ACL exhibits a CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 93% at an overpotential (\u03b7) of 0.58 V, with an ultralow current density decay rate of 0.4% h\u20131, representing a 15-fold improvement in selectivity and 14-fold enhancement in durability compared to pristine Cu. Furthermore, tunable CO\/H2 ratios of 0.4\u20139.3 further enable a broad range of syngas tailoring. This combined alloying and electric-field design principle offers a generalizable strategy for stabilizing catalysts under dynamic electrochemical conditions, with implications for CO2 conversion, fuel cells, and hydrogen production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c05694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:02:15Z","timestamp":1790434935000},"page":"27041-27053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suppressing Catalyst\nReconstruction via Electric-Field-Enhanced\nCu\u2013Sn Alloying for Stable CO2 Electroreduction"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Guanzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]},{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1449-6329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfa","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxia","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77204"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Ningbo, China, 315200"]},{"name":"University of Birmingham , , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77204"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7846-8063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]},{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-5573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77204"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng Danny","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Ningbo, China, 315200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4410-6021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]},{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]},{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]},{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]},{"name":"University of Central Florida , , , ,","place":["Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310083829900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE00900H","article-title":"Designing CO2 reduction electrode materials by morphology\nand interface engineering","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310083829900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00973-9","article-title":"Gas\ndiffusion electrodes, reactor designs and\nkey metrics of low-temperature CO2 electrolysers","volume":"7","author":"Wakerley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310083829900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-017-0078-8","article-title":"Atomically dispersed Ni(i) as the active site\nfor electrochemical\nCO2 reduction","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310083829900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24105-9","article-title":"Quasi-graphitic\ncarbon shell-induced Cu confinement\npromotes electrocatalytic CO2 reduction toward C2+ products","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310083829900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00940-4","article-title":"Improving Pd-N-C fuel cell electrocatalysts\nthrough fluorination-driven rearrangements of local coordination environment","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Energy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310083829900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE00472K","article-title":"Design strategies\nfor markedly enhancing energy efficiency in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ.\nSci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310083829900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b03514","article-title":"General Techno-Economic Analysis of CO2 Electrolysis\nSystems","volume":"57","author":"Jouny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. 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Sci."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026101310083829900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202211771","article-title":"Dissecting Critical\nFactors for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Atomically\nPrecise Au Nanoclusters","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int.\nEd. Engl."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101310083829900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12029","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c02852","article-title":"Oxyhydroxide\nSpecies Enhances CO2 Electroreduction to CO on Ag via Coelectrolysis\nwith O2","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310083829900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003579","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003579","article-title":"An Investigation\nof Active Sites for electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactions:\nFrom In Situ Characterization to Rational Design","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. 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Catalysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310083829900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202011137","article-title":"Real-time\nMonitoring Reveals Dissolution\/Redeposition Mechanism in Copper Nanocatalysts\nduring the Initial Stages of the CO2 Reduction Reaction","volume":"60","author":"Vavra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310083829900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10017","article-title":"Oxidation State and Surface Reconstruction of Cu under\nCO2 Reduction Conditions from In Situ X-ray Characterization","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310083829900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30819-1","article-title":"Steering\nsurface reconstruction of copper with electrolyte additives for CO2 electroreduction","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101310083829900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14388","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c00633","article-title":"A Pulsed Tandem\nElectrocatalysis Strategy for CO2 Reduction","volume":"147","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. 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Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310083829900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-024-01461-6","article-title":"Selective and energy-efficient electrosynthesis of ethylene from\nCO2 by tuning the valence of Cu catalysts through aryl\ndiazonium functionalization","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Energy"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"2026101310083829900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.09.079","article-title":"High stability copper\nclusters anchored on N-doped carbon nanosheets for efficient CO2 electroreduction to HCOOH","volume":"653","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid\nInterface Sci."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026101310083829900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23468","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA02080E","article-title":"Oxidation-resistant\nmicron-sized Cu-Sn solid particles\nfabricated by a one-step and scalable method","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026101310083829900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.01.002","article-title":"The role of Sn on the long-term atmospheric corrosion\nof binary Cu-Sn bronze alloys in architecture","volume":"149","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310083829900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201916538","article-title":"In Situ Reconstruction\nof a Hierarchical Sn-Cu\/SnOx Core\/Shell Catalyst for High-Performance\nCO2 Electroreduction","volume":"59","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem.,\nInt. Ed. Engl."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026101310083829900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100683","article-title":"Nanoporous\nIntermetallic Cu3Sn\/Cu Hybrid Electrodes as Efficient Electrocatalysts\nfor Carbon\nDioxide Reduction","volume":"17","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026101310083829900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202101334","article-title":"Efficient CO2 Electroreduction\nto Ethanol\nby Cu3Sn Catalyst","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310083829900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21750-y","article-title":"Isolated copper-tin\natomic interfaces tuning electrocatalytic CO2 conversion","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310083829900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202000494","article-title":"Promoting Electrocatalytic Hydrogen\nEvolution Reaction\nand Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Fields: Effects of Electric Field,\nMagnetic Field, Strain, and Light","volume":"4","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026101310083829900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15936","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA03645E","article-title":"Enhancing\nCO2 reduction by suppressing hydrogen evolution with polytetrafluoroethylene\nprotected copper nanoneedles","volume":"8","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Materials\nChemistry A"},{"key":"2026101310083829900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.150460","article-title":"Electric-field-driven\nelectrochemical CO2 reduction of sharpened Sn\/Cu catalysts","volume":"565","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310083829900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c00157","article-title":"Compositional\nand Geometrical Effects of Bimetallic Cu-Sn Catalysts on Selective\nElectrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO","volume":"3","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Applied Energy Materials"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026101310083829900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202101425","article-title":"Dual-Doping and Synergism\ntoward\nHigh-Performance Seawater Electrolysis","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"key":"2026101310083829900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.11.237","article-title":"Phase and\nmicrostructure formation in rapidly solidified Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti\nalloys","volume":"735","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101310083829900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201406154","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Cu3Sn alloy nanocrystals\nthrough sequential reduction induced by gradual increase of the reaction\ntemperature","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026101310083829900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003684","article-title":"Stabilization of Sn\nAnode through Structural Reconstruction of a Cu-Sn Intermetallic Coating\nLayer","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310083829900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2021.12.010","article-title":"Effect of\nlanthanum addition on microstructure\nand hardness of brass alloys produced by rheological squeeze casting","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Rare Earths"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310083829900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20961-7","article-title":"Morphology and mechanism\nof highly selective Cu(II) oxide nanosheet catalysts for carbon dioxide\nelectroreduction","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310083829900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13261","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c23662","article-title":"Surface Reconstruction\nwith a Sandwich-like C\/Cu\/C Catalyst for Selective and Stable CO2 Electroreduction","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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Soc."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026101310083829900_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15848","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201907322","article-title":"Programmable Exposure\nof Pt Active Facets for Efficient Oxygen Reduction","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310083829900_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37011-z","article-title":"Interface synergism and engineering of Pd\/Co@N-C for direct ethanol\nfuel cells","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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