{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:21:17Z","timestamp":1788434477576,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":283,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20241881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20241881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2412503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2412503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organoid Engineering and Precision Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating neurological disorders, frequently resulting in severe functional deficits and paralysis. However, effective repair remains a major clinical challenge due to the complex pathological cascade following injury and the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system. Over the past decades, biomaterials have emerged as promising platforms for promoting SCI repair. By providing biochemical, biophysical, and topographical cues across nano-, micro-, to mesoscales, biomaterials can modulate key molecular and cellular processes during SCI progression, including the enhancement of neurotrophic support, neutralization of inhibitory factors, and regulation of specific spinal cell populations, thereby alleviating intrinsic and extrinsic insults while facilitating neural regeneration and circuit reconnection. Within this context, the review first dissects the pathological barriers that impede neural regeneration after SCI. We then provide an overview of recent advancements in nanomaterials, microstructured scaffolds, and hierarchical systems, with a focus on their design principles and functional roles in remodeling the injury microenvironment, delivering therapeutic signals, and providing structural support and guidance for tissue regeneration. Furthermore, biomaterial-based clinical studies for SCI therapy are summarized. Finally, we discuss current limitations, translational challenges, and future perspectives in the field. This review aims to serve as a reference for the future development of functional biomaterials to further improve spinal cord regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c08148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1787155295000},"page":"23624-23648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nano- and Microstructured\nBiomaterials for Spinal\nCord Injury Repair: From Material Design to Neural Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Keni","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-7581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-9053","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianwu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100101"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0270-5","article-title":"Traumatic and Nontraumatic\nSpinal Cord Injury: Pathological Insights from Neuroimaging","volume":"15","author":"David","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-9534-y","article-title":"Advances in\nSpinal Cord Injury Therapeutics: Integrating Foundational Research\nand Clinical Innovation","volume":"62","author":"Yunlong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30444-7","article-title":"Global\nBurden of Traumatic Brain\nand Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Badhiwala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury:\nMolecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.121092","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) 2016 Facts\nand Figures at a Glance","volume":"39","author":"NSCIS.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"issue":"February","key":"2026090306593423100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123422","article-title":"Recent Advances in Nanotechnology\nfor Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries","volume":"323","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090306593423100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007998","article-title":"High-Dose\nMethylprednisolone for Acute Traumatic Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095259","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1095259","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation\nfor the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Review of the Cellular\nand Molecular Mechanisms That Drive Functional Improvements","volume":"17","author":"Dorrian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury:\nMolecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090306593423100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110628","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110628","article-title":"Advances in\nBiomaterial-Based Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"32","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100524","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211066","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1211066","article-title":"Hydrogel Scaffolds\nin the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071126","article-title":"Classification\nand Comorbidities after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Guest","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.FOCUS17396","article-title":"Update\non Critical Care for Acute Spinal Cord Injury in the Setting of Polytrauma","volume":"43","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12992","article-title":"Programmed Cell Death in Spinal Cord\nInjury Pathogenesis and Therapy","volume":"54","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0028-2","article-title":"Cell Cycle\nActivation and Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1180-8","article-title":"Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter\nin the Healthy Brain","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9607","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL38904","article-title":"Glutamate Excitotoxicity: A Key Secondary\nInjury Mechanism of Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"30","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Biosci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249607","article-title":"The Regulation\nof Astrocytic Glutamate Transporters\nin Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Todd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c05841","article-title":"Glutamate Receptor\nAgonists as Triggers of Neurotoxicity: Decoding\nPathways of Five Neurotoxins and Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"11","author":"Turcatel","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04077-5","article-title":"Mechanism\nand Prospects\nof Mitochondrial Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Treatment","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063025","article-title":"Mitochondrial Ca2+\nHomeostasis: Emerging Roles and Clinical Significance in Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-Sensing Receptors in Sterile\nInflammation and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Immunology"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.06.022","article-title":"Neutrophil Immune Profile Guides Spinal Cord Regeneration\nin Zebrafish","volume":"120","author":"de Sena-Toma\u0301s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04644-0","article-title":"Role of Peripheral\nImmune Cells in\nSpinal Cord Injury","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102488","article-title":"Neutrophil\nBiology in Injuries and\nDiseases of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems","volume":"228","author":"Balog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709410","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1709410","article-title":"From Anti-Inflammation\nto pro-Resolution: A New Paradigm for Specialized pro-Resolving Mediators\nin Regulating Neuroinflammation and Repair after Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.07.049","article-title":"Specialized Pro-Resolving\nLipid Mediators: A Key Player\nin Resolving Inflammation in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090306593423100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8669","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178669","article-title":"Beyond\nKilling: The Overlooked Contribution\nof Neutrophils to Tissue Repair","volume":"26","author":"Anitua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol.\nSci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl296","article-title":"The Cellular\nInflammatory Response in Human Spinal Cords after Injury","volume":"129","author":"Fleming","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1613-2","article-title":"Quercetin\nPrevents Necroptosis of\nOligodendrocytes by Inhibiting Macrophages\/Microglia Polarization\nto M1 Phenotype after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101895","article-title":"Curcumin-Loaded Polydopamine Nanoparticles-Based Antioxidant\nScaffold\nPromote Spinal Cord Repair Though Dural-Regulation of Macrophage Polarization","volume":"32","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08446-0","article-title":"Microglia Are an Essential\nComponent of the Neuroprotective Scar That Forms after Spinal Cord\nInjury","volume":"10","author":"Bellver-Landete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114239","article-title":"Implications of Microglial\nHeterogeneity in Spinal Cord Injury Progression and Therapy","volume":"359","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04864-z","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptome\nAnalysis Reveals the Immune Heterogeneity and the Repopulation of\nMicroglia by Hif1\u03b1 in Mice after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014013","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1014013","article-title":"Advances in the Research\nof the Role of Macrophage\/Microglia Polarization-Mediated Inflammatory\nResponse in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02044","article-title":"Microglia: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"20","author":"Zha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02049","article-title":"Calcium Channels Caught\nin Peripheral Glia\u2019s Tug-of-War on Axon Regeneration in Drosophila","volume":"20","author":"Powell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306593423100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2024.10.001","article-title":"Spinal\nCord Injury: T Cells to the Rescue?","volume":"45","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends\nImmunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40839","article-title":"Pathogenic Antibodies Are Active\nParticipants in Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"119","author":"Dekaban","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090306593423100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091081","article-title":"A Review of the Potential\nUse of Antioxidants in Spinal Cord Injuries","volume":"14","author":"Nowacka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01221F","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen\nSpecies-Scavenging Biomaterials for Neural Regenerative Medicine","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0026-4","article-title":"Antioxidant\nTherapies for Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"8","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090306593423100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07754.x","article-title":"Calcium-dependent Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction\nin Neurons","volume":"277","author":"Pivovarova","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03809-4","article-title":"yeahnet. Ferroptosis\nAssociated with Secondary Brain Damage Induced by Hypertensive Underlying\nBiological Processes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"31","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-015-9600-5","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation\nin Brain or Spinal Cord Mitochondria After Injury","volume":"48","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105143","article-title":"DNA Damage and Repair Following Traumatic\nBrain Injury","volume":"147","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70268","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Signaling\nPathways, Biological Functions, and Disease","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-444-52137-8.00035-8","article-title":"Gene Therapy,\nNeurotrophic Factors\nand Spinal Cord Regeneration","volume":"109","author":"Blesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199903170-00040","article-title":"NGF Levels\nDecrease in the Spinal Cord and Dorsal Root Ganglion after Spinal\nHemisection","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030548","article-title":"Targeting\nNeurotrophins to Specific\nPopulations of Neurons: NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 and Their Relevance for\nTreatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Keefe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol.\nSci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03457.2001","article-title":"Neurotrophic Factors\nand Receptors in the Immature and Adult Spinal\nCord after Mechanical Injury or Kainic Acid","volume":"21","author":"Widenfalk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090306593423100_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202505952","article-title":"Advances in Microenvironment-Responsive\nBiomaterials for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2017","article-title":"The Biology of Regeneration Failure\nand Success After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"98","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol.\nRev."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090306593423100_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology,\nMultimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04883-w","article-title":"Types of Necroinflammation, the Effect\nof Cell Death Modalities on Sterile Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Ma\u0301zlo\u0301","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"3S","key":"2026090306593423100_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw080","article-title":"Traumatic Spinal\nCord Injury\u2500Repair and Regeneration","volume":"80","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.034","article-title":"Reactive Gliosis and the Multicellular Response to\nCNS Damage and Disease","volume":"81","author":"Burda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026090306593423100_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2121-13.2013","article-title":"Glial Scar\nBorders Are Formed by Newly Proliferated, Elongated Astrocytes That\nInteract to Corral Inflammatory and Fibrotic Cells via STAT3-Dependent\nMechanisms after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"33","author":"Wanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.03.007","article-title":"Harnessing\nDevelopmental Dynamics of Spinal Cord Extracellular\nMatrix Improves Regenerative Potential of Spinal Cord Organoids","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0424-1","article-title":"Chondroitinase Improves Anatomical\nand Functional Outcomes after Primate Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"22","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898","article-title":"Astrocyte\nBarriers to Neurotoxic Inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature\nRev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and Pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720938","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.720938","article-title":"Fibrotic Scar\nAfter\nSpinal Cord Injury: Crosstalk With Other Cells, Cellular Origin, Function,\nand Mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1300575","article-title":"Fibrosis\n\u2500 A Common Pathway\nto Organ Injury and Failure","volume":"372","author":"Rockey","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Eng. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50564-x","article-title":"Heterogeneous Fibroblasts\nContribute to Fibrotic Scar Formation after Spinal Cord Injury in\nMice and Monkeys","volume":"15","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.002","article-title":"A View\nfrom the Ending: Axonal Dieback and Regeneration Following SCI","volume":"652","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.373674","article-title":"Axonal Growth Inhibitors and Their\nReceptors in Spinal\nCord Injury: From Biology to Clinical Translation","volume":"18","author":"Chambel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.002","article-title":"Assessing\nSpinal Axon Regeneration and Sprouting in Nogo, MAG and OMgp Deficient\nMice","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6911","key":"2026090306593423100_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01176","article-title":"P75 Interacts\nwith the Nogo Receptor as a Co-Receptor for Nogo, MAG and OMgp","volume":"420","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436031","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1436031","article-title":"A Review Focuses on\na Neglected and Controversial Component of SCI:\nMyelin Debris","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.05.001","article-title":"Role of Myelin-Associated Inhibitors\nin Axonal Repair after Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"235","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c10982","article-title":"Bioactive Ceria Nanoenzymes\nTarget Mitochondria in Reperfusion Injury to Treat Ischemic Stroke","volume":"18","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20250025","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Promoting Axon Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury:\nMechanisms and Prospects","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Med."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026090306593423100_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx1576","article-title":"The Evolution of Nanomedicine:\nThe Rise of next-Generation Nanomaterials in Cancer Nanomedicine","volume":"11","author":"Forgham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113641","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticle\n(LNP) Mediated MRNA Delivery in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"381","author":"Moosavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2025.2570535","article-title":"From Inert\nto Intelligent: Smart Biomaterials Reshaping the Landscape of Bioengineering","volume":"16","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2026.03.009","article-title":"Biomedical\nApplications of Two-Dimensional\nNanomaterials: From Structural Design to Functional Integration","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-023-00661-3","article-title":"Neurotrophic Factors-Based\nTherapeutic\nStrategies in the Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Recent Preclinical\nStudies in Rodent Models","volume":"59","author":"Deznabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Neurol.\nPsychiatry Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01467J","article-title":"Baicalein-Functionalized\nCollagen\nScaffolds Direct Neuronal Differentiation toward Enhancing Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.009","article-title":"A Modified Collagen Scaffold Facilitates Endogenous\nNeurogenesis for Acute Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"51","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.027","article-title":"Cetuximab\nModified Collagen Scaffold Directs Neurogenesis of Injury-Activated\nEndogenous Neural Stem Cells for Acute Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1239","article-title":"A Phase 1 Clinical\nTrial of Nerve Growth Factor Gene\nTherapy for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"11","author":"Tuszynski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026090306593423100_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.07.050","article-title":"Sustained\nIntraspinal Delivery of\nNeurotrophic Factor Encapsulated in Biodegradable Nanoparticles Following\nContusive Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.06.016","article-title":"Enhancement\nof Motor Function Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Delivery\nof Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor MRNA","volume":"17","author":"Crowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol.\nTher Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.10.054","article-title":"Intranasal\nBrain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protects Brain from Ischemic Insult\nvia Modulating Local Inflammation in Rats","volume":"172","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100546","article-title":"Barrier-Penetrating\nLiposome Targeted Delivery of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor for Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026090306593423100_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900727","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201900727","article-title":"Efficient Delivery of Nerve Growth Factors to the Central Nervous\nSystem for Neural Regeneration","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026090306593423100_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27406","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c05512","article-title":"The Key to Spinal Cord Recovery: Harnessing P21 Inhibition to Boost\nNeural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Proliferation","volume":"19","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00304-y","article-title":"Valproic Acid\nLabeled Chitosan Nanoparticles Promote the Proliferation and Differentiation\nof Neural Stem Cells After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxic. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001896","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001896","article-title":"NSCs Migration\nPromoted and Drug Delivered Exosomes-Collagen Scaffold via a Bio-Specific\nPeptide for One-Step Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448777","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1448777","article-title":"Repair of Spinal Cord\nInjury by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived\nExosomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Rat Models","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.037","article-title":"A Collagen Microchannel\nScaffold Carrying Paclitaxel-Liposomes Induces\nNeuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells through Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin\nSignaling for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"35","key":"2026090306593423100_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31829","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c10725","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated\nRegulation of Intracellular Ferric Ions to\nInduce Motor Neuron Differentiation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.07.050","article-title":"Spatiotemporal-Controlled\nUltrasound-Driven\nLi-PDA@ZnO Nanoparticles Promote Neural Stem Cell Differentiation\nSynergy with Biohydrogel Repair Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6866","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c00866","article-title":"Conopeptide-Functionalized Nanoparticles\nSelectively Antagonize Extrasynaptic N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors\nand Protect Hippocampal Neurons from Excitotoxicity In Vitro","volume":"14","author":"Valente","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090306593423100_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706032","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706032","article-title":"Biodegradable Spheres\nProtect Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Alleviating the Glutamate-Induced\nExcitotoxicity","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.09.032","article-title":"Biomimetic Membrane-Coating Zinc\nSulfide Nanoparticles for Anti-Inflammatory Combined Neuroprotective\nTherapy for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"56","author":"Qin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.171115","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging, Overloaded Calcium-Inhibiting,\nNeuroregeneration-Promoting Polydopamine Functionalized Magnesium\nOxide Nanoparticle-Integrated Hydrogel Accelerates Spinal Cord Injury\nRepair","volume":"526","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03037-8","article-title":"Regulation of Dynamic Spatiotemporal Inflammation by\nNanomaterials in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.08.006","article-title":"Intravenous Immune-Modifying\nNanoparticles as a Therapy\nfor Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"108","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102912","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102912","article-title":"Neutrophil\nDecoys with\nAnti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Properties Reduce Secondary Spinal\nCord Injury and Improve Neurological Functional Recovery","volume":"31","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026090306593423100_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820276116","article-title":"Intravascular\nInnate Immune Cells Reprogrammed via Intravenous Nanoparticles to\nPromote Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"116","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090306593423100_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33614","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12236","article-title":"Amplification\nof Metalloregulatory\nProteins in Macrophages by Bioactive ZnMn@SF Hydrogels for Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2026.115505","article-title":"Hollow Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles\nPromote M2 Polarization and Modulate\nthe SLC7A11\/GSH\/GPX4 Axis to Attenuate Macrophage Ferroptosis for\nInflammatory Wound Repair","volume":"262","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03153-z","article-title":"Methylprednisolone\nSubstituted Lipid Nanoparticles Deliver C3 Transferase MRNA for Combined\nTreatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"23","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.10.015","article-title":"Early Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory\nMicroglia by Minocycline Loaded Nanoparticles Confers Long Lasting\nProtection after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"75","author":"Papa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090306593423100_cit108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201319","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201319","article-title":"Inflammatory Microenvironment-Responsive\nNanomaterials Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair by Targeting IRF5","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205997","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205997","article-title":"Multifunctional Integrated\nNanozymes Facilitate Spinal Cord Regeneration by Remodeling the Extrinsic\nNeural Environment","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0056","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0056","article-title":"Restoration of Motor\nFunction through Delayed Intraspinal Delivery of Human IL-10-Encoding\nNucleoside-Modified MRNA after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Ga\u0301l","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.12.028","article-title":"Broad-Spectrum Downregulation of Inflammatory Cytokines by Polydopamine\nNanoparticles to Protect the Injured Spinal Cord","volume":"193","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330678","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1330678","article-title":"Executioner\nof Regulating\nCell Death in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ade8829","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade8829","article-title":"Spinal Cord Tissue Engineering via\nCovalent Interaction between Biomaterials and Cells","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.001","article-title":"Nanoparticles with antioxidant enzymes\nprotect injured\nspinal cord from neuronal cell apoptosis by attenuating mitochondrial\ndysfunction","volume":"317","author":"Andrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101339","article-title":"Multifunctional Hydrogels Loaded with Tellurium Nanozyme\nfor Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"29","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.11.006","article-title":"Self-Assembled\nSilk Fibroin Injectable Hydrogels Based on Layered Double Hydroxides\nfor Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matter"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-026-01721-x","article-title":"Nanozymes: From Enzyme-Mimicking\nActivities to Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Compos Hybrid Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01416-0","article-title":"Controlled Delivery of a Neurotransmitter\u2013Agonist\nConjugate for Functional Recovery after Severe Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkab035","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab035","article-title":"Deciphering Glial Scar after Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"April","key":"2026090306593423100_cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.04.015","article-title":"Functional Biomaterials for Modulating\nthe Dysfunctional Pathological Microenvironment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46539-5","article-title":"Low Oral Dose of 4-Methylumbelliferone\nReduces Glial Scar but Is Insufficient to Induce Functional Recovery\nafter Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"S\u030ctepa\u0301nkova\u0301","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119037","article-title":"ChABC-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Study\non Biocompatibility, Functional Recovery, and Axonal Regeneration\nin Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"577","author":"Azizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Pharm."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.077","article-title":"Porous Silicon\nNanoparticle as a Stabilizing Support for Chondroitinase","volume":"94","author":"Daneshjou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01300-3","article-title":"Targeting\nReactive\nAstrocytes by PH-Responsive Ligand-Bonded Polymeric Nanoparticles\nin Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Sabourian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Delivery Transl.\nRes."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.12.006","article-title":"Functionalized\nNanogel for Treating Activated Astrocytes in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"330","author":"Papa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b05579","article-title":"Selective\nModulation of A1 Astrocytes by Drug-Loaded Nano-Structured Gel in\nSpinal Cord Injury","volume":"14","author":"Vismara","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090306593423100_cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201255","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201255","article-title":"A Bioactive\nand Photoresponsive Platform for Wireless Electrical Stimulation to\nPromote Neurogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026090306593423100_cit127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52346","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c14679","article-title":"Antioxidative\nand Conductive\nNanoparticles-Embedded Cell Niche for Neural Differentiation and Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.4c00081","article-title":"Restoration of Motor and Bladder\nFunctions after Spinal Cord Injury via Sustained Wogonin Release from\nCarbon Nanotube Incorporated Hydrogels","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS\nMater. Lett."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135500","article-title":"A Combinatorial Approach to Modulate\nMicroenvironment toward Regeneration and Repair after Spinal Cord\nInjury in Rats","volume":"741","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S44238","article-title":"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles\nand Magnetic\nField Exposure Promote Functional Recovery by Attenuating Free Radical-Induced\nDamage in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection","volume":"8","author":"Pal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026090306593423100_cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads4938","article-title":"Precise Rewiring\nof Corticospinal\nAxons and Spinal Interneurons via Near-Infrared Optogenetics for Spinal\nCord Injury Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06892","article-title":"Adhesive Stretchable,\nand Spatiotemporal Delivery Fibrous Hydrogels Harness Endogenous Neural\nStem\/Progenitor Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2022.100944","article-title":"Review of Advances in Electrospinning-Based\nStrategies for Spinal\nCord Regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9347","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03981","article-title":"Nanofiber\nTechnology for Regenerative\nEngineering","volume":"14","author":"Ogueri","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111550","article-title":"Biocompatible\nPCL-Nanofibers\nScaffold with Immobilized Fibronectin and Laminin for Neuronal Tissue\nRegeneration","volume":"119","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5980","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c00374","article-title":"Biomimetic\nElectrospun PLLA\/PPSB\nNanofibrous Scaffold Combined with Human Neural Stem Cells for Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090306593423100_cit137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4165","article-title":"Electrospun\nFibers for Spinal Cord Injury Research and Regeneration","volume":"33","author":"Schaub","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2026090306593423100_cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0430","article-title":"Nanofibrous\nCollagen Nerve Conduits for Spinal Cord Repair","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.70026","article-title":"Silk Fibroin-Based\nBiomaterials for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Recent Advances and Future\nProspects","volume":"4","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMEMater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19082-3","article-title":"Stretchable\nElectrospun PVDF-HFP\/Co-ZnO Nanofibers as Piezoelectric Nanogenerators","volume":"8","author":"Parangusan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090306593423100_cit141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25591","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c09892","article-title":"Mimicked Spinal\nCord Fibers Trigger Axonal Regeneration\nand Remyelination after Injury","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026090306593423100_cit142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503892","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202503892","article-title":"Nanofibrous Guidance\nConduits with Multiple Gradient Cues for Spinal\nCord Repair","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.12.010","article-title":"Artificial Extracellular\nMatrix Scaffolds of Mobile Molecules Enhance Maturation of Human Stem\nCell-Derived Neurons","volume":"30","author":"A\u0301lvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01606-2","article-title":"Injury\nand Therapy in a Human Spinal Cord Organoid","author":"Takata","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"6569","key":"2026090306593423100_cit145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh3602","article-title":"Bioactive Scaffolds with Enhanced\nSupramolecular Motion Promote Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"374","author":"A\u0301lvarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024014","DOI":"10.20517\/microstructures.2023.61","article-title":"Hierarchically Structured Biomaterials\nfor Tissue Regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microstructures"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2020-0200","article-title":"Sustained Delivery of Neurotrophic\nFactors to Treat Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Muheremu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl.\nNeurosci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362494","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1362494","article-title":"Biomaterials Targeting\nthe Microenvironment for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Progression and\nPerspectives","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.253512","article-title":"Role and Prospects\nof Regenerative\nBiomaterials in the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.104973","article-title":"Biomaterials and Strategies for Repairing Spinal Cord\nLesions","volume":"144","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78650-2","article-title":"Fabrication\nof Nanochitosan Incorporated Polypyrrole\/Alginate\nConducting Scaffold for Neural Tissue Engineering","volume":"10","author":"Manzari-Tavakoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2012.0264","article-title":"Benefits\nof Spine Stabilization with\nBiodegradable Scaffolds in Spinal Cord Injured Rats","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng., Part C"},{"issue":"41","key":"2026090306593423100_cit153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104440","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104440","article-title":"Two-Dimensional-Germanium\nPhosphide-Reinforced Conductive and Biodegradable Hydrogel Scaffolds\nEnhance Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090306593423100_cit154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800315","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800315","article-title":"Functional Multichannel\nPoly(Propylene Fumarate)-Collagen Scaffold\nwith Collagen-Binding Neurotrophic Factor 3 Promotes Neural Regeneration\nAfter Transected Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare\nMater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306593423100_cit155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10957","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b04609","article-title":"Soft Conducting\nPolymer Hydrogels Cross-Linked and Doped by Tannic Acid for Spinal\nCord Injury Repair","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0054-9","article-title":"Brain and\nSpinal Cord Injury Repair by Implantation of Human Neural Progenitor\nCells Seeded onto Polymer Scaffolds","volume":"50","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol.\nMed."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120062","article-title":"Rapid Prototyping\nFabrication of Soft and Oriented Polyester Scaffolds for Axonal Guidance","volume":"251","author":"Kaplan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.11.027","article-title":"Self-Assembling\nPeptide Hydrogels for the Stabilization\nand Sustained Release of Active Chondroitinase ABC in Vitro and in\nSpinal Cord Injuries","volume":"330","author":"Raspa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402939","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402939","article-title":"A Roadmap of Peptide-Based Materials\nin Neural Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026090306593423100_cit160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0382","article-title":"The Development\nof a \u03b5-Polycaprolactone Scaffold for Central Nervous System\nRepair","volume":"19","author":"Donoghue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2026090306593423100_cit161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0378","article-title":"Hierarchically Ordered Porous and\nHigh-Volume Polycaprolactone Microchannel Scaffolds Enhanced Axon\nGrowth in Transected Spinal Cords","volume":"23","author":"Shahriari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng.\nPart A"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c00844","article-title":"Acute Implantation of Aligned Hydrogel\nTubes Supports Delayed Spinal Progenitor Implantation","volume":"6","author":"Ciciriello","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.208597","article-title":"Polyethylene Glycol as a Promising\nSynthetic Material for Repair of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.01.024","article-title":"Biodegradable\nScaffolds Promote Tissue Remodeling and Functional Improvement in\nNon-Human Primates with Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"123","author":"Slotkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616340114","article-title":"Defining Recovery Neurobiology of Injured Spinal Cord\nby Synthetic Matrix-Assisted HMSC Implantation","volume":"114","author":"Ropper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900275","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900275","article-title":"Alginate Hydrogels as Scaffolds and Delivery Systems\nto Repair the Damaged Spinal Cord","volume":"14","author":"Grijalvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol.\nJ."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13702","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13702","article-title":"Delivery of Alginate\nScaffold Releasing Two Trophic Factors for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"5","author":"Grulova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03922-9","article-title":"Activated\nPlatelet-Rich Plasma Fibrin Scaffolds Enhance Axonal Regeneration\nand Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"54","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32343","article-title":"Fibrin-based\ntissue engineering scaffolds enhance neural fiber sprouting and delay\nthe accumulation of reactive astrocytes at the lesion in a subacute\nmodel of spinal cord injury","volume":"92A","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater.\nRes., Part A"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"2026090306593423100_cit170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.035162","article-title":"Chitosan\nProduces Potent Neuroprotection\nand Physiological Recovery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"213","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.024","article-title":"Physical Chitosan Microhydrogels\nas Scaffolds for Spinal Cord Injury Restoration and Axon Regeneration","volume":"138","author":"Chedly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c01186","article-title":"Bioadhesive Hyaluronic\nAcid-Based\nHydrogels for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"25","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.2.133","article-title":"Influence\nof Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels\non Neurite Outgrowth and Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Horn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.11.012","article-title":"Decellularized Brain Matrix Enhances\nMacrophage Polarization and Functional Improvements in Rat Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"101","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306593423100_cit175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.310696","article-title":"Decellularized\nOptic Nerve Functional Scaffold Transplant Facilitates Directional\nAxon Regeneration and Remyelination in the Injured White Matter of\nthe Rat Spinal Cord","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02033H","article-title":"Dual-Enzymatically\nCross-Linked Gelatin Hydrogel Enhances\nNeural Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells\nand Functional Recovery in Experimental Murine Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01790","article-title":"Comparison of Regenerative\nEffects of Transplanting Three-Dimensional Longitudinal Scaffold Loaded-Human\nMesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Neural Stem Cells on Spinal Cord\nCompletely Transected Rats","volume":"6","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci.\nEng."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120559","article-title":"Collagen-Based Scaffolds:\nAn Auspicious\nTool to Support Repair, Recovery, and Regeneration Post Spinal Cord\nInjury","volume":"601","author":"Mneimneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","article-title":"Designing Hydrogels for Controlled\nDrug Delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MA00732C","article-title":"Injectable Hydrogels\nin Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment: A Review on Hydrogel Materials,\nCell\u2013Matrix Interactions and Glial Involvement","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6725","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b13155","article-title":"A Thermosensitive Heparin-Poloxamer\nHydrogel Bridges\nAFGF to Treat Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl.\nMater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03430-x","article-title":"Thermosensitive\nQuaternized\nChitosan Hydrogel Scaffolds Promote Neural Differentiation in Bone\nMarrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Functional Recovery in a Rat Spinal\nCord Injury Model","volume":"385","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01779","article-title":"Injectable\nScaffold-Systems for the Regeneration of\nSpinal Cord: Advances of the Past Decade","volume":"7","author":"Santi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS\nBiomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16513","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05818","article-title":"Wirelessly\nPowered Electrical-Stimulation Based on Biodegradable 3D Piezoelectric\nScaffolds Promotes the Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090306593423100_cit185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adg0234","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg0234","article-title":"Cooperative Assembly of a Designer\nPeptide and Silk Fibroin into Hybrid Nanofiber Gels for Neural Regeneration\nafter Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2018-0083","article-title":"Recent\nAdvances in Photo-Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications","volume":"66","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-211151","article-title":"Engineering an in Situ\nCrosslinkable Hydrogel for Enhanced Remyelination","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024104","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac45ec","article-title":"Optimized\nVisible Light-Induced Crosslinkable Hybrid Gelatin\/Hyaluronic Acid\nScaffold Promotes Complete Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0844-4","article-title":"Collagens","volume":"339","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35708","article-title":"Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture\nPromote Neuronal Regeneration by Neurotrophic Protection and Immunomodulation","volume":"104","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02381-y","article-title":"The Rotary Cell Culture System Increases\nNTRK3 Expression and Promotes Neuronal Differentiation and Migratory\nAbility of Neural Stem Cells Cultured on Collagen Sponge","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01744F","article-title":"Transplantation of\nCollagen Sponge-Based Three-Dimensional\nNeural Stem Cells Cultured in a RCCS Facilitates Locomotor Functional\nRecovery in Spinal Cord Injury Animals","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater.\nSci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1021\/bm500062n","article-title":"Accelerating\nProliferation\nof Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cells in Collagen Sponges Immobilized with\nEngineered Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor for Nervous System Tissue\nEngineering","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090306593423100_cit194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13960","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b03879","article-title":"Functionalized\nCollagen Scaffold Neutralizing the Myelin-Inhibitory\nMolecules Promoted Neurites Outgrowth in Vitro and Facilitated Spinal\nCord Regeneration in Vivo","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater.\nInterfaces"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.10.027","article-title":"A Functionalized Collagen-I Scaffold Delivers MicroRNA 21-Loaded\nExosomes for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta\nBiomater."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090306593423100_cit196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.062","article-title":"Promotion of Neuronal\nDifferentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells by Using EGFR Antibody\nFunctionalized Collagen Scaffolds for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026090306593423100_cit197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201601521","article-title":"Training Neural Stem\nCells on Functional Collagen Scaffolds for Severe Spinal Cord Injury\nRepair","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.11.023","article-title":"Functionalized Collagen Scaffold\nImplantation and CAMP Administration Collectively Facilitate Spinal\nCord Regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.11.008","article-title":"Transplantation of\nneural stem progenitor cells from different sources for severe spinal\ncord injury repair in rat","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioactive Materials"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107579","article-title":"Recent Defect\nPassivation Drifts and Role of Additive Engineering in Perovskite\nPhotovoltaics","volume":"101","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.03.015","article-title":"Engineered\nHuman Spinal\nCord-like Tissues with Dorsal and Ventral Neuronal Progenitors for\nSpinal Cord Injury Repair in Rats and Monkeys","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026090306593423100_cit201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.040","article-title":"The Promotion\nof Neural\nRegeneration in an Extreme Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model Using a Collagen\nScaffold Containing a Collagen Binding Neuroprotective Protein and\nan EGFR Neutralizing Antibody","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-014-4612-7","article-title":"Collagen Scaffolds\nModified with Collagen-Binding BFGF Promotes the Neural Regeneration\nin a Rat Hemisected Spinal Cord Injury Model","volume":"57","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2450","article-title":"Collagen Scaffold Combined with Human\nUmbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Functional Recovery\nafter Scar Resection in Rats with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx057","article-title":"Functional\nBiomaterial-Based Regenerative Microenvironment for Spinal Cord Injury\nRepair","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950637","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689720950637","article-title":"NeuroRegen\nScaffolds\nCombined with Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for the Repair\nof Acute Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A 3-Year Clinical Study","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-1985-5","article-title":"Long-Term Clinical Observation of\nPatients with Acute and Chronic Complete Spinal Cord Injury after\nTransplantation of NeuroRegen Scaffold","volume":"65","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci.\nChina: Life Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3727\/096368917X695038","article-title":"Clinical Study of NeuroRegen Scaffold Combined with Human Mesenchymal\nStem Cells for the Repair of Chronic Complete Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120771","article-title":"3D Bioprinted Neural\nTissue Constructs for Spinal Cord\nInjury Repair","volume":"272","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138788","article-title":"3D Bioprinted\nConductive Spinal Cord Biomimetic Scaffolds for Promoting Neuronal\nDifferentiation of Neural Stem Cells and Repairing of Spinal Cord\nInjury","volume":"451","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.08.031","article-title":"Release of O-GlcNAc\nTransferase Inhibitor\nPromotes Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in 3D Bioprinted\nSupramolecular Hydrogel Scaffold for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3D Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306593423100_cit212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24957","article-title":"Digital Microfabrication\nof User-Defined 3D Microstructures in Cell-Laden Hydrogels","volume":"110","author":"Soman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0296-z","article-title":"Biomimetic\n3D-Printed Scaffolds for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"25","author":"Koffler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090306593423100_cit214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1281","article-title":"Linear Ordered Collagen\nScaffolds Loaded with Collagen-Binding Neurotrophin-3\nPromote Axonal Regeneration and Partial Functional Recovery after\nComplete Spinal Cord Transection","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121689","article-title":"Restoration of Spinal\nCord Biophysical Microenvironment for Enhancing Tissue Repair by Injury-Responsive\nSmart Hydrogel","volume":"288","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b00472","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle-Integrated\nScaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"19","author":"Yadid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2024.113093","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Polymer Composite Scaffolds\nfor Bone Tissue Engineering. A Review","volume":"213","author":"A\u0301lvarez-Chimal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur.\nPolym. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12193","article-title":"Nanomaterials Supported by Polymers\nfor Tissue Engineering\nApplications: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Habibzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.07.013","article-title":"Hydrogel Platform\nwith Tunable Stiffness Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles Cross-Linked\nGelMA for Cartilage Regeneration and Its Intrinsic Biomechanism","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306593423100_cit220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1039\/D6CS00165C","article-title":"Clinical Translation\nand Landscape of Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines and Microscale Therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Kobzev","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090306593423100_cit221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201601457","article-title":"Hierarchical Micro\/Nanofibrous\nBioscaffolds for Structural Tissue Regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090306593423100_cit222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201200490","article-title":"Microarray with Micro- and Nano-Topographies Enables\nIdentification of the Optimal Topography for Directing the Differentiation\nof Primary Murine Neural Progenitor Cells","volume":"8","author":"Moe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00826-3","article-title":"Micro\/Nano-Textured\nHierarchical Titanium Topography Promotes Exosome Biogenesis and Secretion\nto Improve Osseointegration","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157969","article-title":"Bioinspired Fibrous\nScaffolds with\nHierarchical Orientations for Enhanced Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"502","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300929","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00129","article-title":"Axon and Myelin Morphology in Animal\nand Human Spinal Cord","volume":"11","author":"Saliani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36390-7","article-title":"Segmental\nMotor Recovery after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Relates to Density\nand Integrity of Corticospinal Tract Projections","volume":"14","author":"Balbinot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508435","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202508435","article-title":"Engineering Topographical\nCues to Enhance Neural Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury: Overcoming\nChallenges and Advancing Therapies","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306593423100_cit228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.04.019","article-title":"Anisotropic\nScaffolds for Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01669-2","article-title":"GelMA-MXene\nHydrogel Nerve Conduits with Microgrooves for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411628","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202411628","article-title":"Biomimetic Multichannel\nSilk Nerve\nConduits With Multicellular Spatiotemporal Distributions for Spinal\nCord Injury Repair.","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026090306593423100_cit230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311456","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202311456","article-title":"Biomimetic\nDual-Network Collagen Fibers with Porous and Mechanical Cues Reconstruct\nNeural Stem Cell Niche via AKT\/YAP Mechanotransduction after Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00464-6","article-title":"Cell-Based and Stem-Cell-Based\nTreatments for Spinal Cord Injury: Evidence from Clinical Trials","volume":"21","author":"Zipser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03281-3","article-title":"Cell Therapy for\nNeurological Disorders","volume":"30","author":"Svendsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090306593423100_cit233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5439","article-title":"Transplantation\nof Neural Progenitors and V2a Interneurons after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"35","author":"Zholudeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr339","article-title":"Transplanted Neural\nStem\/Precursor Cells Instruct Phagocytes and Reduce Secondary Tissue\nDamage in the Injured Spinal Cord","volume":"135","author":"Cusimano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4066","article-title":"Spinal\nCord Reconstitution with Homologous Neural Grafts Enables Robust Corticospinal\nRegeneration","volume":"22","author":"Kadoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306593423100_cit236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902470302","article-title":"Intraspinal\nTransplantation\nof Embryonic Spinal Cord Tissue in Neonatal and Adult Rats","volume":"247","author":"Reier","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2019.02.002","article-title":"Biomaterials\nUsed in Stem Cell Therapy\nfor Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"103","author":"Higuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090306593423100_cit238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300123","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300123","article-title":"ROS-Scavenging Hydrogels Synergize\nwith Neural Stem Cells to Enhance\nSpinal Cord Injury Repair via Regulating Microenvironment and Facilitating\nNerve Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306593423100_cit239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3366","article-title":"Direct Neuronal Differentiation of\nNeural Stem Cells for Spinal Cord\nInjury Repair","volume":"39","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090306593423100_cit240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306577","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306577","article-title":"Transplantation of\nNeural Stem Cells Loaded in an IGF-1 Bioactive Supramolecular Nanofiber\nHydrogel for the Effective Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061427","article-title":"Animal\nModels of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Sobolev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.11.031","article-title":"The Linear-Ordered\nCollagen Scaffold-BDNF Complex Significantly Promotes\nFunctional Recovery after Completely Transected Spinal Cord Injury\nin Canine","volume":"41","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2026090306593423100_cit243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2013.0158","article-title":"Linear Ordered Collagen Scaffolds\nLoaded with Collagen-Binding Basic\nFibroblast Growth Factor Facilitate Recovery of Sciatic Nerve Injury\nin Rats","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0506","article-title":"Linear Ordered Collagen Scaffolds\nLoaded with Collagen-Binding Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Improve\nthe Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306593423100_cit245","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Progress in Spinal\nCord Injury Regeneration\nin China: Constructing a Bridge for Spinal Cord Injury Repair","volume":"49","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. Vitae"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9049-y","article-title":"Complete Canine\nSpinal\nCord Transection Model: A Large Animal Model for the Translational\nResearch of Spinal Cord Regeneration","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China:\nlife Sci."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.173","article-title":"The Collagen\nScaffold\nwith Collagen Binding BDNF Enhances Functional Recovery by Facilitating\nPeripheral Nerve Infiltrating and Ingrowth in Canine Complete Spinal\nCord Transection","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-9002-6","article-title":"Human Placenta-Derived\nMesenchymal Stem Cells Loaded\non Linear Ordered Collagen Scaffold Improves Functional Recovery after\nCompletely Transected Spinal Cord Injury in Canine","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China: life Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM00125A","article-title":"Taxol-Modified Collagen\nScaffold Implantation Promotes Functional Recovery after Long-Distance\nSpinal Cord Complete Transection in Canines","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43559","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43559","article-title":"Transplantation\nof HUC-MSCs Seeded Collagen Scaffolds Reduces Scar Formation and Promotes\nFunctional Recovery in Canines with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.04.008","article-title":"Large Animal\nand Primate Models of\nSpinal Cord Injury for the Testing of Novel Therapies","volume":"269","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090306593423100_cit252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6078","article-title":"Pre-Clinical\nEvaluation of CBD-NT3Modified\nCollagen Scaffolds in Completely Spinal Cord Transected Non-Human\nPrimates","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306593423100_cit253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718766279","article-title":"Significant\nImprovement of Acute Complete Spinal Cord Injury Patients Diagnosed\nby a Combined Criteria Implanted with NeuroRegen Scaffolds and Mesenchymal\nStem Cells","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306593423100_cit254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-5080-z","article-title":"One-Year Clinical Study of NeuroRegen\nScaffold Implantation Following\nScar Resection in Complete Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients","volume":"59","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China: life Sci."},{"issue":"CN","key":"2026090306593423100_cit255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx204","article-title":"New Clinical-Pathological\nClassification of Intraspinal Injury Following Traumatic Acute Complete\nThoracic Spinal Cord Injury: Postdurotomy\/Myelotomy Observations from\nthe INSPIRE Trial","volume":"64","author":"Layer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052678899","article-title":"Functional\nRecovery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Mediated by a Unique\nPolymer Scaffold Seeded with Neural Stem Cells","volume":"99","author":"Teng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam6068","article-title":"Porous Polymeric Platform Repairs\nPrimates after Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"9","author":"Ulery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001283","article-title":"First Human\nImplantation of a Bioresorbable Polymer Scaffold for Acute Traumatic\nSpinal Cord Injury: A Clinical Pilot Study for Safety and Feasibility","volume":"79","author":"Theodore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz310_334","article-title":"Neuro-Spinal\nScaffold\u201d! Implantation in Patients with Acute Traumatic Thoracic\nComplete Spinal Cord Injury: 24 Month Results From the INSPIRE Study","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306593423100_cit260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.spine191507.","article-title":"A Study of Probable Benefit of a\nBioresorbable Polymer Scaffold for Safety and Neurological Recovery\nin Patients with Complete Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: 6-Month Results\nfrom the INSPIRE Study","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000003180","article-title":"Acute Implantation\nof a Bioresorbable\nPolymer Scaffold in Patients With Complete Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury:\nA Randomized Controlled Trial (INSPIRE 2.0)","volume":"96","author":"Harrop","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40513-5","article-title":"Single-Cell Analysis\nReveals Region-Heterogeneous Responses in Rhesus Monkey Spinal Cord\nwith Complete Injury","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07504-y","article-title":"Single-Cell and Spatial Atlases of\nSpinal Cord Injury in the Tabulae Paralytica","volume":"631","author":"Skinnider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65304","article-title":"The Corticospinal Tract Primarily\nModulates Sensory\nInputs in the Mouse Lumbar Cord","volume":"10","author":"Moreno-Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2025.05.011","article-title":"Engineering Spinal Cord and Peripheral\nNerve Organoids: Strategies\nfor Construction and Potential Applications for Regenerative Medicine\nin Neurotrauma","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.12336\/biomatertransl.2024.04.003","article-title":"Progress in Spinal\nCord Organoid Research: Advancing Understanding of Neural Development,\nDisease Modelling, and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Transl."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00868-4","article-title":"Production of Human\nSpinal-Cord Organoids Recapitulating Neural-Tube Morphogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120348","DOI":"10.3389\/fceng.2023.1120348","article-title":"Organoids\nin High-Throughput\nand High-Content Screenings","volume":"5","author":"Lampart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026090306593423100_cit269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202502108","article-title":"Coordinated Development of Immune Cell Populations\nin Vascularized Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem\nCells","volume":"14","author":"Mostina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090306593423100_cit270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03041-w","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patient Brain Extracts Induce\nMultiple\nPathologies in Novel Vascularized Neuroimmune Organoids for Disease\nModeling and Drug Discovery","volume":"30","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8066","key":"2026090306593423100_cit271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08808-3","article-title":"Human Assembloid\nModel of the Ascending Neural Sensory Pathway","volume":"642","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.03.028","article-title":"Evidence for\nan Age-Dependent Decline in Axon Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian\nCentral Nervous System","volume":"15","author":"Geoffroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306593423100_cit273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.07.002","article-title":"Differential\nEffect of Aging on Axon Sprouting and Regenerative Growth in Spinal\nCord Injury","volume":"231","author":"Jaerve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.029","article-title":"Age Increases\nReactive Oxygen Species Production in Macrophages and Potentiates\nOxidative Damage after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol.\nAging"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026090306593423100_cit275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.09.060","article-title":"Increased\nOxidative-Related Mechanisms in the Spinal Cord Injury in Old Rats","volume":"393","author":"Genovese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-11-15","article-title":"Characterization\nof Recovery, Repair, and Inflammatory Processes Following Contusion\nSpinal Cord Injury in Old Female Rats: Is Age a Limitation?","volume":"11","author":"Hooshmand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306593423100_cit277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02161-8","article-title":"Acute Inflammatory\nProfiles Differ with Sex and Age\nafter Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"18","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306593423100_cit278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2024.20.e43","article-title":"Using Artificial Intelligence in\nthe Comprehensive Management of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026090306593423100_cit279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2025.104208","article-title":"The Diagnostic\nand Prognostic Capability of Artificial Intelligence in Spinal Cord\nInjury: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Gill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain And Spine"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c08148","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/34\/23624\/66882086\/acsnano.6c08148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/34\/23624\/66882086\/acsnano.6c08148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:59:44Z","timestamp":1788433184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/34\/23624\/5276893\/Nano-and-Microstructured-Biomaterials-for-Spinal"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":283,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c08148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}