{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:21:26Z","timestamp":1788434486520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000928","name":"Welch Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000928","name":"Welch Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-2120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-2120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP210088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP210088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET2235455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET2235455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET2432379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET2432379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE2404334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE2404334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA060543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA060543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM141931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM141931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM106137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM106137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rapid pathogen evolution threatens public health by eroding the effectiveness of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostic tools. Although spike-protein-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed within 10\u201312 months of the initial outbreak to serve as key theranostic agents, their redesign has struggled to keep pace with viral evolution, rendering many neutralizing antibodies ineffective. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput aptamer engineering platform that combines a random-rational hybrid library diversification with repurposed MiSeq screening to rapidly reprogram aptamers against emerging SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. Interactions between 3 different spike proteins and 11,792 unique aptamer variant designs were profiled within days (a single run from pool amplification to screen analysis). Starting from a 40-nt aptamer originally selected against wild-type (WT) spike protein, our screen identified a Delta-binding mutant with a 4-fold affinity improvement and an Omicron-binding mutant that converted undetectable binding into nanomolar affinity. We also identified a WT-selective mutant with substantially reduced affinity for Delta as well as bases that contribute to spike recognition. Integrating high-throughput binding data with molecular dynamics simulations further helped to rationalize the sequence-dependent structural features underlying variant-specific aptamer-spike interactions. Finally, we developed fluorescent strand-displacement sensors based on both WT- and Omicron-selective mutants, enabling highly specific detection of spike protein variants with robust performance. Together, these findings demonstrate a rapid and sequence-resolved aptamer engineering platform for adapting aptamers to evolving pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c08330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T04:01:15Z","timestamp":1786766475000},"page":"23941-23957","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Throughput\nOn-Chip Screening Enables Rapid Adaptation\nof DNA Aptamers to SARS-CoV-2 Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-3052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yujie","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-An","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3196-5916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Fonseca-Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle K.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7239-8482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh-Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-2779","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan-I","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8162-2204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Ru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Seifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7618-9052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soonwoo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung Duc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21218"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-1910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pengyu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1221-6709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-5626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hsin-Chih","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]},{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit1","unstructured":"COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard datadot. https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases (accessed 01 December, 2025)."},{"issue":"10339","key":"2026090307000034100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00743-7","article-title":"Where Is\nthe next SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern?","volume":"399","author":"Dennehy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211024372","article-title":"The Emerging SARS-CoV-2\nVariants of Concern","volume":"8","author":"Sanyaolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090307000034100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2100362","article-title":"New SARS-CoV-2\nVariants - Clinical, Public Health,\nand Vaccine Implications","volume":"384","author":"Karim","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307000034100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00720-5","article-title":"Estimating Disease Severity of Omicron\nand Delta SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"22","author":"Sigal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307000034100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00338-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Considerations of Inferring\nCausality on Disease Severity","volume":"21","author":"Cevik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect.\nDis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-021-00524-8","article-title":"Characterization\nof SARS-CoV-2 Different Variants and Related Morbidity and Mortality:\nA Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"SeyedAlinaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"7902","key":"2026090307000034100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04479-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron\nVariant Replication\nin Human Bronchus and Lung Ex Vivo","volume":"603","author":"Hui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307000034100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.68973","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Vaccine Breakthrough\nInfections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090307000034100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e3","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough\nInfections Reported to CDC\u2013United States, January 1\u2013April\n30, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Birhane","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"6575","key":"2026090307000034100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl8487","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections","volume":"374","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090307000034100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105000","article-title":"Vaccine\nBreakthrough\nInfections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants","volume":"384","author":"Hacisuleyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl.\nJ. Med."},{"issue":"10335","key":"2026090307000034100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00327-0","article-title":"Symptom Prevalence, Duration, and Risk of Hospital\nAdmission in Individuals Infected with SARS-CoV-2 during Periods of\nOmicron and Delta Variant Dominance: A Prospective Observational Study\nfrom the ZOE COVID Study","volume":"399","author":"Menni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10293","key":"2026090307000034100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01358-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2\nDelta VOC in Scotland: Demographics, Risk of Hospital Admission, and\nVaccine Effectiveness","volume":"397","author":"Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00475-8","article-title":"Hospital Admission and\nEmergency Care Attendance Risk for SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) Compared\nwith Alpha (B.1.1.7) Variants of Concern: A Cohort Study","volume":"22","author":"Twohig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"593","key":"2026090307000034100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf1906","article-title":"The Neutralizing Antibody, LY-CoV555, Protects against\nSARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci.\nTransl Med."},{"issue":"6506","key":"2026090307000034100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies\nin Humanized Mice and Convalescent Humans Yield a SARS-CoV-2 Antibody\nCocktail","volume":"369","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307000034100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01353-4","article-title":"Deep Mutational\nLearning for the Selection of Therapeutic\nAntibodies Resistant to the Evolution of Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Frei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-021-00784-w","article-title":"Monoclonal\nAntibodies for COVID-19 Therapy and SARS-CoV-2 Detection","volume":"29","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed Sci."},{"issue":"7898","key":"2026090307000034100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3","article-title":"Omicron Escapes the Majority of Existing\nSARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies","volume":"602","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6575","key":"2026090307000034100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl8506","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Immune Evasion\nby the Delta and Kappa SARS-CoV-2 Variants","volume":"374","author":"McCallum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00461-z","article-title":"Considerations for Diagnostic COVID-19 Tests","volume":"19","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6287","key":"2026090307000034100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/346818a0","article-title":"In Vitro Selection\nof RNA Molecules That Bind Specific\nLigands","volume":"346","author":"Ellington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44328-025-00066-7","article-title":"General Approach\nto Achieving Electrochemical Aptamer-Based\nSensor Sensitivity of Buffer in Blood Plasma","volume":"3","author":"Demek","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Biosens."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202400191","article-title":"Monitoring HIV Antiretroviral Therapy via Aptamer-Based\nMeasurements in Preclinical Animal Models, in Human Plasma","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sens. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307000034100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab574","article-title":"Diverse High-Affinity\nDNA Aptamers for Wild-Type and B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins from\na Pre-Structured DNA Library","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids\nRes."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090307000034100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10273","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202100345","article-title":"Neutralizing Aptamers Block S\/RBD-ACE2 Interactions and Prevent Host\nCell Infection","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090307000034100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9895","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01394","article-title":"Discovery\nof Aptamers Targeting the Receptor-Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2\nSpike Glycoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307000034100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anse.202200012","article-title":"Aptamers for SARS-CoV-2: Isolation, Characterization, and Diagnostic\nand Therapeutic Developments","volume":"2","author":"Amini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Sens."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026090307000034100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21381","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202107730","article-title":"Discovery\nand Characterization of Spike N-Terminal Domain-Binding Aptamers for\nRapid SARS-CoV-2 Detection","volume":"133","author":"Kacherovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307000034100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.74428","article-title":"DNA Aptamers Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Protein\nBinding to hACE2 by an RBD- Independent or Dependent Approach","volume":"12","author":"Silwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090307000034100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16646","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04156","article-title":"Aptamer-Functionalized\nNanochannels for One-Step Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Samples from\nCOVID-19 Patients","volume":"93","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"58","key":"2026090307000034100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8049","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC02647C","article-title":"A Universal DNA Aptamer as an Efficient\nInhibitor against Spike-Protein\/hACE2 Interactions","volume":"58","author":"Silwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307000034100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202200166","article-title":"One Solution for All:\nSearching for Universal Aptamers for Constantly Mutating Spike Proteins\nof SARS-CoV-2","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2022.101499","article-title":"Spherical\nNeutralizing Aptamer Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Escape","volume":"44","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307000034100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2970","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of RNA-Protein\nInteractions\nby High-Throughput Sequencing\u2013RNA Affinity Profiling","volume":"11","author":"Tome","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090307000034100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618370114","article-title":"Comprehensive and Quantitative Mapping\nof RNA\u2013Protein Interactions across a Transcribed Eukaryotic\nGenome","volume":"114","author":"She","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15540-1","article-title":"Comprehensive\nSequence-to-Function Mapping of Cofactor-Dependent RNA Catalysis in\nthe glmS Ribozyme","volume":"11","author":"Andreasson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090307000034100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112979119","article-title":"Crowdsourced RNA Design Discovers Diverse, Reversible,\nEfficient, Self-Contained Molecular Switches","volume":"119","author":"Andreasson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307000034100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1882","article-title":"Direct Measurement of DNA Affinity Landscapes on a\nHigh-Throughput Sequencing Instrument","volume":"29","author":"Nutiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat.\nBiotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307000034100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.06.012","article-title":"High-Throughput Analysis Reveals Rules for Target RNA\nBinding and Cleavage by AGO2","volume":"75","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307000034100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.02.019","article-title":"Large-Scale,\nQuantitative Protein\nAssays on a High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Chip","volume":"73","author":"Layton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"issue":"6711","key":"2026090307000034100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn5371","article-title":"Massively\nParallel Analysis of Single-Molecule Dynamics on next-Generation Sequencing\nChips","volume":"385","author":"Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090307000034100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201600298","article-title":"Peptide\nSynthesis on a Next-Generation\nDNA Sequencing Platform","volume":"17","author":"Svensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307000034100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2880","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of RNA-Protein\nInteractions on a Massively Parallel Array Reveals Biophysical and\nEvolutionary Landscapes","volume":"32","author":"Buenrostro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307000034100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.074","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment\nof RNA-Protein Interactions\nwith High-Throughput Sequencing\u2013RNA Affinity Profiling","volume":"10","author":"Ozer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01093-3","article-title":"Rapid Discovery of\nHigh-Affinity Antibodies via Massively Parallel Sequencing, Ribosome\nDisplay and Affinity Screening","volume":"8","author":"Porebski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed.\nEng."},{"issue":"6711","key":"2026090307000034100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn5968","article-title":"Single-Molecule Structural and Kinetic\nStudies across Sequence Space","volume":"385","author":"Severins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, H.; Wan, L.; Gidi, Y.; Hein, L. A.; Eisenstein, M.; Soh, H. T.\n          Discovery of\nHigh-Specificity DNA\nAptamers for Progesterone Using a High-Throughput Array Platform\n          bioRxiv\n          2025\n          10.1101\/2025.09.13.675901.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.13.675901"},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidi, Y.; Hein, L. A.; Fujita, H.; Eisenstein, M.; Soh, H. T.\n          Accelerated Discovery of Aptamer\nBeacons via Massively Parallel Screening\n          bioRxiv\n          2025\n          10.1101\/2025.07.31.667975.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.31.667975"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.044","article-title":"Massively Parallel Biophysical Analysis of CRISPR-Cas\nComplexes on Next Generation Sequencing Chips","volume":"170","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0646-5","article-title":"Massively Parallel Kinetic Profiling of Natural and\nEngineered CRISPR Nucleases","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44738-w","article-title":"Massively\nParallel Profiling of RNA-Targeting CRISPR-Cas13d","volume":"15","author":"Kuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090307000034100_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179202","article-title":"High-Throughput Selection and Characterisation\nof Aptamers\non Optical Next-Generation Sequencers","volume":"22","author":"Drees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026090307000034100_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202204957","article-title":"Massively Parallel Selection of NanoCluster Beacons","volume":"34","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307000034100_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c04046","article-title":"Fluorogenic Aptamer\nOptimization on a Massively Parallel Sequencing Platform","volume":"11","author":"Kuo","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-I.; Kuo, Y.-A.; He, Y.; Siraj, N.; Batchelder-Schwab, E. J.; Chang, Y.-J.; Yonas, S.; Wu, Y.; Yang, Z.; Nguyen, A.-T.; Kim, S.; Lu, Y.; Mao, C.; Ren, P.; Yeh, H.-C.\n          Lifetime-Based Multiplexed\nDetection of Viral RNA Using Fluorogenic Aptamers\n          bioRxiv\n          2026\n          10.64898\/2026.04.13.718069.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.13.718069"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307000034100_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119945119","article-title":"A System for Multiplexed\nSelection of Aptamers with Exquisite Specificity without Counterselection","volume":"119","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38105-4","article-title":"A Massively Parallel\nScreening Platform for Converting Aptamers into Molecular Switches","volume":"14","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307000034100_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02106","article-title":"High-Throughput\nStrategy for Enhancing Aptamer Performance across Different Environmental\nConditions","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307000034100_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04777","article-title":"Flow-Cell-Based Technology\nfor Massively Parallel Characterization\nof Base-Modified DNA Aptamers","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090307000034100_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4548","article-title":"Binding Affinity Measurements\nBetween DNA Aptamers and Their Virus Targets Using ELONA and MST","volume":"12","author":"Pawel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bio-Protoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307000034100_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c09559","article-title":"Accelerating\nPost-SELEX Aptamer Engineering Using Exonuclease Digestion","volume":"143","author":"Canoura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202415226","article-title":"Fighting Mutations with Mutations: Evolutionarily Adapting a DNA\nAptamer for High-Affinity Recognition of Mutated Spike Proteins of\nSARS-CoV-2.","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307000034100_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg595","article-title":"Mfold Web\nServer for Nucleic Acid Folding and Hybridization Prediction","volume":"31","author":"Zuker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026090307000034100_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202270286","article-title":"Massively Parallel Selection of NanoCluster\nBeacons\n(Adv. Mater. 41\/2022)","volume":"34","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307000034100_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.1c00893","article-title":"Detection\nof SARS-CoV-2 RNA Using a DNA Aptamer Mimic of Green Fluorescent Protein","volume":"17","author":"VarnBuhler","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02637","article-title":"Dimeric G-Quadruplex: An Effective\nNucleic Acid Scaffold for Lighting Up Thioflavin T","volume":"93","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090307000034100_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12078","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5028325","article-title":"Minimal Thioflavin\nT Modifications\nImprove Visual Discrimination of Guanine-Quadruplex Topologies and\nAlter Compound-Induced Topological Structures","volume":"86","author":"Kataoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24793","article-title":"Thioflavin T as an Efficient Fluorescence\nSensor for Selective Recognition of RNA G-Quadruplexes","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1021\/ja309588h","article-title":"Thioflavin T as an Efficient Inducer\nand Selective Fluorescent Sensor for the Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex\nDNA","volume":"135","author":"Mohanty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"52","key":"2026090307000034100_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18932","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201603463","article-title":"Identification\nof Compounds That Selectively Stabilize Specific G-Quadruplex Structures\nby Using a Thioflavin T-Displacement Assay as a Tool","volume":"22","author":"Jamroskovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. \u2013 Eur. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01267-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic\nTesting Rates Determine the Sensitivity of Genomic Surveillance Programs","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090307000034100_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202500900","article-title":"Investigating\nDNA Aptamer Binding\nto Domains of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Molecular\nDynamics and MM\/PBSA Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bartley","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119264","article-title":"Automatic\nIdentification of Mobile and Rigid Substructures in Molecular Dynamics\nSimulations and Fractional Structural Fluctuation Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Marti\u0301nez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.5c00243","article-title":"Refinement\nand Truncation of DNA Aptamers Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations:\nComputational Protocol and Experimental Validation","volume":"65","author":"Di\u0301az-Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090307000034100_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1021\/ja028962o","article-title":"Structure-Switching Signaling Aptamers","volume":"125","author":"Nutiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\nAm. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13137-x","article-title":"Independent Control of the Thermodynamic\nand Kinetic\nProperties of Aptamer Switches","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"96","key":"2026090307000034100_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14272","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CC05410E","article-title":"A High Affinity and\nSelective DNA Aptamer for Copper Ions","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.\nCommun."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307000034100_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5c00438","article-title":"A Pair of DNA Aptamers That Can Selectively Bind to Bilirubin and\nBiliverdin","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307000034100_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00017","article-title":"Capture-SELEX\nfor Chloramphenicol\nBinding Aptamers for Labeled and Label-Free Fluorescence Sensing","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307000034100_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202212879","article-title":"Simultaneous Detection\nof L-Lactate and D-Glucose Using\nDNA Aptamers in Human Blood Serum","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem.,\nInt. Ed."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.; Hong, S.; Walker, J. N.; He, Y.; Nguyen, A.-T.; Chen, W.-R.; Seifi, S.; Chen, Y.-I.; Kuo, Y.-A.; Brodbelt, J. S.; Yeh, H.-C.\n          Mechanistic Insights into the Color Transformation\nof a Non-FRET Substrate for RNase Activity Detection\n          bioRxiv\n          2026\n          10.64898\/2026.03.11.710959.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.11.710959"},{"issue":"51","key":"2026090307000034100_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17990","DOI":"10.1021\/ja056555h","article-title":"A Reagentless Signal-On\nArchitecture for Electronic, Aptamer-Based Sensors via Target-Induced\nStrand Displacement","volume":"127","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307000034100_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c22605","article-title":"Continuous, Week-Long, Seconds-Resolved\nIn Vivo Drug Measurements Performed with a Xenonucleic Acid-Employing\nElectrochemical, Aptamer-Based Sensor","volume":"148","author":"Son","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307000034100_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1021\/ja056957p","article-title":"An Electronic, Aptamer-Based Small-Molecule Sensor\nfor the Rapid, Label-Free Detection of Cocaine in Adulterated Samples\nand Biological Fluids","volume":"128","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090307000034100_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15335","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03853","article-title":"Perspective\non the Future Role of Aptamers in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307000034100_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3141","article-title":"Aptamers as\nTherapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Keefe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.01.008","article-title":"Cancer Immunomodulation Using Bispecific\nAptamers","volume":"27","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"issue":"6412","key":"2026090307000034100_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6750","article-title":"Aptamer\u2013Field-Effect Transistors Overcome Debye\nLength Limitations for Small-Molecule Sensing","volume":"362","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026090307000034100_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16800","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202008663","article-title":"Advances and\nChallenges in Small-Molecule DNA Aptamer Isolation, Characterization,\nand Sensor Development","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2021.00035","article-title":"Aptamers and Antibodies:\nRivals or Allies in Cancer Targeted Therapy?","volume":"2","author":"Agnello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Explor. Targeted Anti-Tumor Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-035747","article-title":"GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF VIRAL OUTBREAKS","volume":"3","author":"Wohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbinf.2022.1020189","article-title":"Early Detection\nof Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest for Experimental Evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioinform."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307000034100_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.10.013","article-title":"Real-Time\nMonitoring of SARS-CoV-2\nEvolution during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"33","author":"Korber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell\nHost Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307000034100_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202304410","article-title":"Modular\nAptamer Switches for the Continuous Optical Detection of Small-Molecule\nAnalytes in Complex Media","volume":"36","author":"Hariri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307000034100_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c11350","article-title":"High-Affinity\nAptamers for In Vitro and In Vivo Cocaine Sensing","volume":"146","author":"Alkhamis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026090307000034100_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15155","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03606","article-title":"Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Immunoassay for Point-of-Care Detection\nof SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein","volume":"94","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, M. A.; Erdal, M. K.; Larson, M.; Birthisel, E.; Friedel, M.; Gonc\u0327ales, V. R.; Alinezhad, A.; Morawski, F.; Li, J.; Hogan, N.; Teo, S.; Wordsworth, J.; Khanna, S.; Van Eps, J.; Boyd, S.; Dewhirst, L.; Gerson, J.; D\u2019Souza, D.; Yin, W.; Padmanabhan, P. T.; Batchelor, R. H.; Farnkopf, A.; Hodges, A.; Chambers, G.; Braude, M.; Kippin, T. E.; Kirkpatrick, C. M. J.; Gooding, J. J.; Pianko, S.; Stocker, S. L.; Plaxco, K. W.\n          Pilot Phase\nClinical Trial of a Wearable, Electrochemical Aptamer-Based\nPatch for Continuous Drug Concentration Measurement\n          Nat. Biotechnol.\n          2026\n          10.1038\/s41587-026-03010-w.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-026-03010-w"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090307000034100_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01373","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas12a-Derived\nPhotoelectrochemical\nBiosensor for Point-Of-Care Diagnosis of Nucleic Acid","volume":"94","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307000034100_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00899","article-title":"Exciton\u2013Plasmon\nInteraction between AuNPs\/Graphene Nanohybrids and CdS Quantum Dots\/TiO2\nfor Photoelectrochemical Aptasensing of Prostate-Specific Antigen","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307000034100_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05455","article-title":"Dual-Channel\nPhotoelectrochemical\nRatiometric Aptasensor with up-Converting Nanocrystals Using Spatial-Resolved\nTechnique on Homemade 3D Printed Device","volume":"91","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307000034100_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c00887","article-title":"Optical Aptamer-Based\nCytokine Nanosensor Detects Macrophage Activation by Bacterial Toxins","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.6c00703","article-title":"A Broadly\nGeneralizable Dye for Colorimetric Aptamer-Based Sensors","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307000034100_cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14440\/jbm.2014.36","article-title":"Advanced Methods of Microscope Control\nUsing \u03bcManager Software","volume":"1","author":"Edelstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307000034100_cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.26578","article-title":"RNA Tertiary\nStructure Prediction Using RNAComposer in CASP15","volume":"91","author":"Sarzynska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proteins:Struct., Funct., Bioinf."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090307000034100_cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks339","article-title":"Automated 3D Structure Composition\nfor Large RNAs","volume":"40","author":"Popenda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit108","unstructured":"Schro\u0308dinger, L.; DeLano, W.\n          PyMOL, 2020. http:\/\/www.pymol.org\/pymol."},{"key":"2026090307000034100_cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romo, T. D.; Grossfield, A. In  LOOS: An Extensible\nPlatform for the Structural Analysis of Simulations, Annual\nInternational Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology\nSociety; IEEE: Minneapolis,\nMN, 2009; pp 2332\u20132335.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5335065"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026090307000034100_cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.23753","article-title":"Lightweight\nObject Oriented Structure Analysis: Tools for Building Tools to Analyze\nMolecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"35","author":"Romo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307000034100_cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.7b01169","article-title":"AMOEBA Polarizable\nAtomic Multipole Force Field for Nucleic Acids","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307000034100_cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1021\/jp910674d","article-title":"Current Status\nof the AMOEBA Polarizable Force Field","volume":"114","author":"Ponder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. B"},{"issue":"48","key":"2026090307000034100_cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-070317-033349","article-title":"Polarizable Force Fields\nfor Biomolecular Simulations: Recent Advances and Applications","volume":"48","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Biophys."}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c08330","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/34\/23941\/66581170\/acsnano.6c08330.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/34\/23941\/66581170\/acsnano.6c08330.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:00:12Z","timestamp":1788433212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/34\/23941\/5257741\/High-Throughput-On-Chip-Screening-Enables-Rapid"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c08330","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}