{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:34:07Z","timestamp":1786466047537,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF0710001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0710001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21931001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21931001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22031002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22031002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["92262301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92262301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The controlled self-assembly of nanoparticles into microscale architectures with defined structures and emergent functionalities remains a critical challenge in nanoscience. Here, we develop an emulsion-mediated strategy to assemble lanthanide sodium fluoride upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) into smooth spherical superparticles. During self-assembly, the diffusion of solvent from UCNP-containing cyclohexane droplets into an isopropanol\/H2O medium drives the progressive condensation of UCNPs into superparticles. The polarity of the extracting solvent serves as a key factor governing the self-assembly process. Solvents with permittivity comparable to that of isopropanol preserve spherical confinement, yielding uniform spherical superparticles, whereas solvents of lower or higher polarity disrupt droplet stability or suppress cyclohexane diffusion, leading to disordered or sheet-like assemblies, respectively. Furthermore, we reveal that the shape of UCNPs critically determines the surface roughness of the superparticles. Quasi-spherical UCNPs assemble into superparticles with smooth surface, whereas cubic and hexagonal platelet UCNPs generate rougher surface architectures. The resulting spherical superparticles confine upconversion emissions with guided and sustained propagation, enabling stimulated emissions with thresholds lower than 4\u202fW\/cm2 and quality factors exceeding 104. Moreover, hybrid superparticles composed of various lanthanide-doped UCNPs sustain stimulated emissions from visible to near-infrared. These findings promote pathways from nanoparticle building blocks through microscale self-assembly to stimulated emissions, and platforms for integrated photonic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c08445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:15:28Z","timestamp":1785849328000},"page":"22116-22125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assembly-Induced\nPhoton Confinement and Recirculation\nin Upconversion Superparticles"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2151-0765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ze-Yu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Han","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Fu-Sheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Pei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1007-1673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-0346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ling-Dong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-2951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chun-Hua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]},{"name":"Lanzhou University , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200601072","article-title":"From trifluoroacetate complex precursors\nto monodisperse rare-earth fluoride and oxyfluoride nanocrystals with\ndiverse shapes through controlled fluorination in solution phase","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. - Eur. J."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6661","DOI":"10.1021\/ic051683s","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis\nof rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg.\nChem."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2005.01.002","article-title":"Comparison\nof different NaGdF4:Eu3+ synthesis routes and\ntheir influence on its structural and luminescent properties","volume":"66","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35318K","article-title":"Colloidal\nsuperparticles from nanoparticle assembly","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.\nSoc. 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Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1021\/nn507310f","article-title":"Shape-dependent\nmultiexciton emission and whispering gallery modes in supraparticles\nof CdSe\/multishell quantum dots","volume":"9","author":"Vanmaekelbergh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12788","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07896","article-title":"Lasing supraparticles self-assembled\nfrom nanocrystals","volume":"12","author":"Montanarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c00039","article-title":"Monodisperse nanocrystal\nsuperparticles through a source-sink emulsion system","volume":"34","author":"Marino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c01011","article-title":"Nanocrystal\nsuperparticles with whispering-gallery modes tunable through chemical\nand optical triggers","volume":"22","author":"Marino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16977","article-title":"Soft surfaces of nanomaterials\nenable strong phonon interactions","volume":"531","author":"Bozyigit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2508-1","article-title":"Deep strong\nlight-matter coupling in plasmonic nanoparticle crystals","volume":"583","author":"Mueller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09952","article-title":"Magnetic coupling in\ncolloidal clusters\nfor hierarchical self-assembly","volume":"15","author":"Donaldson","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5344.1792","article-title":"Coupled quantum\ndots fabricated by cleaved edge overgrowth: From artificial atoms\nto molecules","volume":"278","author":"Schedelbeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5503.451","article-title":"Coupling and entangling\nof quantum states in quantum dot molecules","volume":"291","author":"Bayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys494","article-title":"Superradiance of quantum dots","volume":"3","author":"Scheibner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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Growth Des."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1021\/la104743p","article-title":"Role of Surface Ligands in the Nanoparticle\nAssemblies: A Case Study of Regularly Shaped Colloidal Crystals Composed\nof Sodium Rare Earth Fluoride","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2023.03.011","article-title":"Interparticle\nenergy transfer between\nNaNdF4 and NaYbF4 in self-assembled nanostructures","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Rare Earths"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1360\/SSC-2020-0151","article-title":"Recent advances\nin upconversion emission\nmodulation of rare earth nanocrystals","volume":"50","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci.\nSin. Chim."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00178H","article-title":"Lanthanide-doped upconversion nano-bioprobes: electronic\nstructures, optical properties, and biodetection","volume":"44","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3149","article-title":"Tuning upconversion\nthrough energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.12.020","article-title":"Self-assembly\nof superstructures at all scales","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2022.101162","article-title":"Emulsion-confined\nself-assembly of\ncolloidal nanoparticles into 3D superstructures","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16386","DOI":"10.1021\/ja906632b","article-title":"Comparison of Structural Behavior of Nanocrystals in\nRandomly Packed Films and Long-Range Ordered Superlattices by Time-Resolved\nSmall Angle X-ray Scattering","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b00221","article-title":"Oleic Acid-Induced\nAtomic Alignment of ZnS Polyhedral Nanocrystals","volume":"16","author":"van der Stam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081111142260600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19797-4","article-title":"Low threshold lasing\nemissions from a single upconversion nanocrystal","volume":"11","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Rev. 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