{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1790089426502,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22577150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22577150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32471464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62501139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62501139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDB 1480000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB 1480000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Suzhou","award":["SSD2025007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSD2025007"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Suzhou","award":["SZS2023006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZS2023006"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Suzhou","award":["ZXL2023203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZXL2023203"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20232046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20232046"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20241822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20241822"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20243004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20243004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Organoids are widely used for in vitro modeling of human organogenesis and disease, yet their reliance on stochastic self-organization limits reproducibility, standardization, and translational applications. Nanotechnology provides tools to guide organoid self-organization toward more controllable developmental outcomes. Specifically, nano-spatiotemporal programming enables modulation of extracellular architecture and dynamic morphogen presentation, supporting more interpretable organoid development. In this Review, we discuss the intersection of nanomaterials and organoid engineering. We summarize how nanoengineered matrices, spatiotemporal cue delivery vehicles, and stimuli-responsive nanoscaffolds regulate structural patterning, lineage-specific differentiation, and functional maturation. By synthesizing these advances, this Review outlines design principles for developmentally programmable human organoids and their potential use in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and fundamental embryology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c08745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:01:41Z","timestamp":1788768101000},"page":"25203-25225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nano-Spatiotemporal\nProgramming in Organoid Engineering:\nFrom Stochastic Self-Organization to Controllable Development"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-2737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zixun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9353-3935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renjun","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210071802500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-021-02815-7","article-title":"Advances in\ndevelopment and application of human organoids","volume":"11","author":"Shankaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"issue":"7244","key":"2026092210071802500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07935","article-title":"Single Lgr5 stem cells\nbuild crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche","volume":"459","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7467","key":"2026092210071802500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","article-title":"Cerebral organoids\nmodel human brain\ndevelopment and microcephaly","volume":"501","author":"Lancaster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7574","key":"2026092210071802500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15695","article-title":"Kidney\norganoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model\nhuman nephrogenesis","volume":"526","author":"Takasato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7432","key":"2026092210071802500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11859","article-title":"Cytosystems\ndynamics in self-organization of tissue architecture","volume":"493","author":"Sasai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7998","key":"2026092210071802500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06871-2","article-title":"Hypoblast\nfrom human pluripotent stem cells regulates epiblast development","volume":"626","author":"Okubo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210071802500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.07.010","article-title":"Human brain\norganoids assemble functionally integrated bilateral optic vesicles","volume":"28","author":"Gabriel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210071802500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00039-3","article-title":"Middle-out methods for spatiotemporal\ntissue engineering\nof organoids","volume":"1","author":"Blatchley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"issue":"7630","key":"2026092210071802500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20168","article-title":"Designer\nmatrices for intestinal stem cell and organoid culture","volume":"539","author":"Gjorevski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6194","key":"2026092210071802500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247125","article-title":"Organogenesis in\na dish: modeling development and disease\nusing organoid technologies","volume":"345","author":"Lancaster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210071802500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3906","article-title":"Guided self-organization and cortical\nplate formation\nin human brain organoids","volume":"35","author":"Lancaster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6444","key":"2026092210071802500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7567","article-title":"Organoids by design","volume":"364","author":"Takebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210071802500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.05.005","article-title":"Engineering stem\ncell self-organization to build better\norganoids","volume":"24","author":"Brassard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210071802500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00279-y","article-title":"Engineering organoids","volume":"6","author":"Hofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nMater."},{"issue":"6576","key":"2026092210071802500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw9021","article-title":"Tissue geometry drives deterministic\norganoid patterning","volume":"375","author":"Gjorevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7762","key":"2026092210071802500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1289-x","article-title":"Individual\nbrain organoids\nreproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"570","author":"Velasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210071802500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2023.05.009","article-title":"Organoids are not\norgans: Sources of variation and\nmisinformation in organoid biology","volume":"18","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell\nRep."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y","article-title":"Organoids","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"issue":"7793","key":"2026092210071802500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1962-0","article-title":"Cell stress\nin cortical organoids impairs molecular\nsubtype specification","volume":"578","author":"Bhaduri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210071802500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0259-3","article-title":"Human organoids:\nmodel systems for\nhuman biology and medicine","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell\nBiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210071802500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03489-3","article-title":"Clinical applications of human organoids","volume":"31","author":"Verstegen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"7826","key":"2026092210071802500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2724-8","article-title":"Homeostatic\nmini-intestines through scaffold-guided organoid morphogenesis","volume":"585","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53073-z","article-title":"Scalable production\nof uniform and mature organoids in a 3D geometrically-engineered permeable\nmembrane","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-01038-7","article-title":"Bioelectronic\nInterfaces and Sensors for Neural Organoids","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38832-8","article-title":"Drug screening at single-organoid\nresolution via bioprinting and interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Tebon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxae070","article-title":"High-throughput solutions\nin tumor organoids: from culture to drug screening","volume":"43","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092210071802500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02393-5","article-title":"Unleashing the power of biomaterials to enhance organoid\ndifferentiation and function","volume":"21","author":"Musah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115142","article-title":"Engineered organoids for biomedical\napplications","volume":"203","author":"Roberto de Barros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2026.118612","article-title":"Recent\nadvances in nanomaterial-based brain organoid on-a-chip for drug evaluation","volume":"304","author":"Shin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092210071802500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c17587","article-title":"Nanocomposite\nhydrogels and micro\/nanostructures for printing organoids","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210071802500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404345","article-title":"Mechano-responsive\nbiomaterials for bone organoid construction","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102093","article-title":"Organoid-based tissue\nengineering for advanced tissue repair and reconstruction","volume":"33","author":"Hsiung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026092210071802500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33276","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13330","article-title":"Nanomaterials in organoids:\nfrom\ninteractions to personalized medicine","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210071802500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01483-3","article-title":"Dynamic matrices with DNA-encoded viscoelasticity\nfor cell and organoid culture","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40006-5","article-title":"Spatially controlled construction\nof assembloids using bioprinting","volume":"14","author":"Roth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210071802500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15858","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c03707","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes promote\nthe development of intestinal organoids\nthrough regulating extracellular matrix viscoelasticity and intracellular\nenergy metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092210071802500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15218","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c02210","article-title":"Biomimetic\nnanofibrillar hydrogel with cell-adaptable network for enhancing cellular\nmechanotransduction, metabolic energetics, and bone regeneration","volume":"145","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S413743","article-title":"A novel Airway-Organoid\nmodel based on a Nano-Self-Assembling peptide: construction and application\nin adenovirus infection studies","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210071802500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901658","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibril\nhydrogel promotes\nhepatic differentiation of human liver organoids","volume":"9","author":"Kru\u0308ger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002135","article-title":"Engineered Plant-Based\nNanocellulose Hydrogel for Small Intestinal Organoid Growth","volume":"8","author":"Curvello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.02.016","article-title":"Boosting cartilage repair with silk\nfibroin-DNA hydrogel-based cartilage organoid precursor","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210071802500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00574","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite\nNanoparticles Promote\nthe Development of Bone Microtissues for Accelerated Bone Regeneration\nby Activating the FAK\/Akt Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater.\nSci. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210071802500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202104996","article-title":"3D Bioprinting of Multifunctional\nDynamic Nanocomposite\nBioinks Incorporating Cu-Doped Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles\nfor Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210071802500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MH00228H","article-title":"A bioactive calcium silicate nanowire-containing\nhydrogel for organoid formation and functionalization","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2022.101584","article-title":"Calcium silicate\nnanowires-containing multicellular\nbioinks for 3D bioprinting of neural-bone constructs","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit46","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Sequential DLP Bioprinting of Dual-Layered\nBrain Organoid-Like Neural Microtissues Using Nanocomposite Bioinks","author":"Bozdag","year":"2026"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026092210071802500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202407650","article-title":"Spatially-Resolved Organoid\nTransfection by Porous Silicon-Mediated Optoporation","volume":"36","author":"Spiteri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026092210071802500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf2898","article-title":"Nanowired\nhuman cardiac organoid transplantation enables highly efficient and\neffective recovery of infarcted hearts","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci.\nAdv."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.10.040","article-title":"Three-dimensional magnetic\ntorque stimulation enhances functional structural maturation in developing\nhuman cardiac organoids","volume":"208","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906504107","article-title":"Nanoscale\ncues regulate the structure and function of macroscopic cardiac tissue\nconstructs","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21923","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b11671","article-title":"Nanotopography-induced\nstructural\nanisotropy and sarcomere development in human cardiomyocytes derived\nfrom induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Carson","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl.\nMater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1039\/C7BM00323D","article-title":"Anisotropic microfibrous\nscaffolds enhance the organization and function of cardiomyocytes\nderived from induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Wanjare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl6395","article-title":"Recreating the heart\u2019s helical structure\u2013function\nrelationship with focused rotary jet spinning","volume":"377","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6444","key":"2026092210071802500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7894","article-title":"Organoids-on-a-chip","volume":"364","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210071802500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101372","article-title":"Spatiotemporal\nGradient and Instability of Wnt Induce\nHeterogeneous Growth and Differentiation of Human Intestinal Organoids","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210071802500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/am.2017.171","article-title":"Novel biomaterial strategies for\ncontrolled growth factor delivery\nfor biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102810","article-title":"Creating artificial signaling gradients to spatially\npattern engineered tissues","volume":"78","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210071802500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01986-w","article-title":"Spatiotemporal,\noptogenetic control\nof gene expression in organoids","volume":"20","author":"Legnini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210071802500_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.87","article-title":"Photoresponsive biomaterials for targeted drug delivery\nand 4D cell culture","volume":"3","author":"Ruskowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210071802500_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409731","article-title":"Microgels With Electrostatically\nControlled Molecular Affinity to Direct Morphogenesis","volume":"37","author":"Ku\u0308hn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210071802500_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01136-7","article-title":"Synthetic dynamic hydrogels promote degradation-independent\nin vitro organogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Chrisnandy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210071802500_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01779-y","article-title":"DNA microbeads\nfor spatio-temporally controlled morphogen release within organoids","volume":"19","author":"Afting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(69)80016-0","article-title":"Positional\ninformation and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Wolpert","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210071802500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0525-0","article-title":"Modeling neural tube development\nby differentiation\nof human embryonic stem cells in a microfluidic WNT gradient","volume":"38","author":"Rifes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.12.008","article-title":"Bioactive hydrogel\nmicrocapsules\nfor guiding stem cell fate decisions by release and reloading of growth\nfactors","volume":"15","author":"Gwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092210071802500_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.01.007","article-title":"Homogeneous and organized differentiation\nwithin embryoid bodies induced by microsphere-mediated delivery of\nsmall molecules","volume":"30","author":"Carpenedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026092210071802500_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.05.079","article-title":"A microparticle\napproach to morphogen delivery within pluripotent stem cell aggregates","volume":"34","author":"Bratt-Leal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210071802500_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0115","article-title":"Controlled\nDual Growth Factor Delivery From Microparticles Incorporated Within\nHuman Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates for Enhanced\nBone Tissue Engineering via Endochondral Ossification","volume":"5","author":"Dang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43141-1","article-title":"Temporal morphogen\ngradient-driven\nneural induction shapes single expanded neuroepithelium brain organoids\nwith enhanced cortical identity","volume":"14","author":"Pagliaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"8046","key":"2026092210071802500_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08332-w","article-title":"Timely TGF\u03b2 signalling\ninhibition induces notochord","volume":"637","author":"Rito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210071802500_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.01.024","article-title":"Enteroid Monolayers Reveal an Autonomous WNT and BMP\nCircuit Controlling Intestinal Epithelial Growth and Organization","volume":"44","author":"Thorne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.06.011","article-title":"Stepwise\ndual-release microparticles of BMP-4 and SCF in induced pluripotent\nstem cell spheroids enhance differentiation into hematopoietic stem\ncells","volume":"371","author":"Bello","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026092210071802500_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402199","article-title":"Viscoelasticity\nof hyaluronic acid hydrogels regulates human pluripotent stem cell-derived\nspinal cord organoid patterning and vascularization","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55651-7","article-title":"Long-range\norganization of intestinal 2D-crypts using exogenous Wnt3a micropatterning","volume":"16","author":"Larran\u0303aga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1716071","article-title":"DNA-programmed cell assembly: from cells, tissues to\norganoids","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026092210071802500_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201908299","article-title":"Morphogenesis\nguided by 3D patterning of growth factors in biological matrices","volume":"32","author":"Broguiere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41037-8","article-title":"Targeted mechanical\nstimulation via magnetic nanoparticles guides in vitro tissue development","volume":"14","author":"Abdel Fattah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123430","article-title":"Graphene-polymer\nnanofibers enable optically induced electrical responses in stem cell-derived\nelectrically excitable cells and brain organoids","volume":"323","author":"LaMontagne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026092210071802500_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202508807","article-title":"A Soft Microrobot\nfor Single-Cell Transport, Spheroid Assembly, and Dual-Mode Drug Screening","volume":"38","author":"Harder","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210071802500_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.23","article-title":"Three-dimensional tissue culture\nbased on magnetic cell levitation","volume":"5","author":"Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.02.007","article-title":"Magnetic bioassembly platforms towards the generation\nof extracellular vesicles from human salivary gland functional organoids\nfor epithelial repair","volume":"18","author":"Chansaenroj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210071802500_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5573","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c00988","article-title":"Graphene Hybrid\nInner Ear Organoid with Enhanced Maturity","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8010014","article-title":"Self-Organized Nanostructure Modified\nMicroelectrode\nfor Sensitive Electrochemical Glutamate Detection in Stem Cells-Derived\nBrain Organoids","volume":"8","author":"Nasr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210071802500_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02512","article-title":"Cyborg Organoids: Implantation\nof Nanoelectronics via Organogenesis\nfor Tissue-Wide Electrophysiology","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210071802500_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106829","article-title":"Stretchable Mesh Nanoelectronics\nfor 3D Single-Cell Chronic Electrophysiology from Developing Brain\nOrganoids","volume":"34","author":"Le Floch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40486-024-00216-y","article-title":"Microfabricated\nsensors for non-invasive,\nreal-time monitoring of organoids","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Micro Nano\nSyst. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210071802500_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c02939","article-title":"Novel Organoid Culture System for\nImproved Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials","volume":"24","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.04.030","article-title":"Construction\nof vascularized liver microtissues recapitulates angiocrine-mediated\nhepatocytes maturation and enhances therapeutic efficacy for acute\nliver failure","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210071802500_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03041-w","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s\ndisease patient brain extracts induce multiple\npathologies in novel vascularized neuroimmune organoids for disease\nmodeling and drug discovery","volume":"30","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63955-5","article-title":"HCS-3DX, a next-generation\nAI-driven automated 3D-oid high-content screening system","volume":"16","author":"Diosdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202500532","article-title":"Synergistic\nIntegration of Artificial Intelligence, Organoid Models, and Multi-Omics\nTechnologies in Contemporary Drug Discovery","volume":"9","author":"Dinakarkumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210071802500_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.04.003","article-title":"Engineering multiscale\nstructural orders for high-fidelity embryoids\nand organoids","volume":"29","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35941-2","article-title":"Bioengineered liver\ncrosslinked with nano-graphene oxide enables efficient liver regeneration\nvia MMP suppression and immunomodulation","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"6774","key":"2026092210071802500_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adw4612","article-title":"Flexible nanoelectronics\nreveal arrhythmogenesis in transplanted human cardiomyocytes","volume":"390","author":"Aoyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092210071802500_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c06156","article-title":"Nanopiezoelectric 3D-Bioprinted Neural\nOrganoid Models Epileptic Neuron-Microglia Circuit in Neurodegeneration","volume":"26","author":"Chu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026092210071802500_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181542","article-title":"Human Multi-Lineage\nLiver Organoid Model Reveals Impairment\nof CYP3A4 Expression upon Repeated Exposure to Graphene Oxide","volume":"13","author":"Romaldini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.08.006","article-title":"ROS-responsive nanoparticle delivery of obeticholic acid mitigate\nprimary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"374","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Controlled\nRelease"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102665","article-title":"Combinatorial screening of nanomedicines\nin patient-derived cancer organoids facilitates efficient cancer therapy","volume":"61","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6125","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S530999","article-title":"Harnessing\nOrganoid Platforms for Nanoparticle Drug Development","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des., Dev. Ther."},{"key":"2026092210071802500_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123611","article-title":"Organoid-driven nanomedicine platform\ndevelopment","volume":"325","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2025.12.002","article-title":"3D post-implantation\nco-culture of human embryo and endometrium","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"6622","key":"2026092210071802500_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add9666","article-title":"Scaling up complexity\nin synthetic developmental biology","volume":"378","author":"Marti\u0301nez-Ara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-025-00054-6","article-title":"From organoid culture to manufacturing: technologies\nfor reproducible and scalable organoid production","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Biomed. Innov."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210071802500_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04118-1","article-title":"Comprehensive insights\ninto mechanism of nanotoxicity, assessment methods and regulatory\nchallenges of nanomedicines","volume":"19","author":"Havelikar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discovery Nano"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c08745","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/37\/25203\/68399873\/acsnano.6c08745.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/37\/25203\/68399873\/acsnano.6c08745.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:29:07Z","timestamp":1790087347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/37\/25203\/5422129\/Nano-Spatiotemporal-Programming-in-Organoid"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c08745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}