{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:46:01Z","timestamp":1792784761582,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mg91w61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation?s EPiQS Initiative","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006wxqw41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bj3aw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Designing Materials to Revolutionize and Engineer our Future (DMREF) program, NSF"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, NSF","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qa5ep47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship, ONR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transition metal complex oxides exhibit a diverse array of emergent physical properties engineered through epitaxial strain. However, the interpretation of strain-driven phenomena is often obscured by structural modifications\u2500particularly under in-plane tension\u2500which can trigger unexpected departures from bulk behavior. Here, we report the observation of \u201cfrozen epitaxial strain\u201d in complex oxide heterostructures, where epitaxial tensile strain induces a unit-cell volume expansion that remains locked even after complete substrate release. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we quantify this irreversible structural response, demonstrating that the lattice fails to recover its bulk-like dimensions in the freestanding state. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations reveal that this expansion is stabilized by a high density of tensile strain-promoted oxygen vacancies. These findings establish a fundamental link between epitaxial tension, defect chemistry, and structural \u201cmemory,\u201d providing critical design rules for the controlled fabrication of functional freestanding membranes and strain-engineered oxide electronics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c08965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:02:11Z","timestamp":1791237731000},"page":"27728-27737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frozen\nEpitaxial Strain in Complex Oxide Freestanding\nMembranes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Lenharth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratap","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7183-836X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Varun Nitin","family":"Mapara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2873-0120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wuzhang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"Burden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , , , ,","place":["Rapid City, South Dakota, United States, 57701"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-9435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tula R.","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , , , ,","place":["Rapid City, South Dakota, United States, 57701"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1056-4777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-166X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Uwe","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9642-8674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Lemont, Illinois, United States, 60439"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-3389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-1439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chang-Beom","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2781","article-title":"Giant Piezoelectricity\nof Sm-Doped Pb(Mg1\/3Nb2\/3)O3-PbTiO3 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Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235135","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.235135","article-title":"Strain-Induced Ferroelectricity and\nSpin-Lattice Coupling in SrMnO3 Thin Films","volume":"97","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.94.104101","article-title":"Strain-Driven\nOxygen Deficiency in\nMultiferroic SrMnO3 Thin Films","volume":"94","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. B"},{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414855","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202414855","article-title":"Positive\nMagneto-Electric Couplings\nin Epitaxial Multiferroic SrMnO3 Thin Film","volume":"35","author":"Mandal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2007.03.020","article-title":"Crystal\nStructures, Charge and Oxygen-Vacancy Ordering\nin Oxygen Deficient Perovskites SrMnOx (x &lt; 2.7)","volume":"180","author":"Suescun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152401","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0120418","article-title":"Tunable Magnetic\nAnisotropy in SrMnO3\/SrRuO3 bilayers Studied\nby Angle and Temperature Dependence of Magneto-Transport","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008161386300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13321","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC02317A","article-title":"Ferroelectricity Promoted by Cation\/Anion\nDivacancies in SrMnO3","volume":"9","author":"Ricca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater.\nChem. 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