{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:45:58Z","timestamp":1792784758903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE2023009-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023009-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017293","name":"Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017293","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005145","name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20232044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20232044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAS Young Talent program"},{"name":"Gusu Leading Talents Program","award":["ZXL2023166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZXL2023166"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62274175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62274175"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["T2325025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2325025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["U25A20497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20497"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Suzhou Basic Research Program","award":["SJC2023004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2023004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infrared luminescent semiconductor materials and devices are fundamental to optoelectronic information technology. van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors, notably black phosphorus (BP) and tellurium (Te), possess a narrow direct bandgap and a low surface\/Auger recombination rate, making them promising for infrared luminescence and light-emitting devices. The excitonic behavior and widely tunable band structure of such materials offer versatile pathways for modulating light emission, while the weak interlayer vdW interactions facilitate exceptional heterointegration capabilities. This review begins by addressing the challenges and recent progress in the epitaxial growth of BP and Te thin films. Furthermore, we discuss excitonic near-infrared emission in few-layer BP, mid-infrared emitters derived from thicker BP, and Te-based mid-infrared luminescent devices, along with their potential for spectral and polarization tuning. Finally, key challenges and prospects in this evolving field are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c09378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:02:13Z","timestamp":1790787733000},"page":"26850-26873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth\nand Infrared Light Emission of Emerging van\nder Waals Semiconductors: Black Phosphorus and Tellurium"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-6671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , , ,","place":["Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , , ,","place":["Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , , ,","place":["Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , , ,","place":["Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-0947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Suzhou, P. R. China, 215123"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , , ,","place":["Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit1","volume-title":"Mid-infrared semiconductor\noptoelectronics","author":"Krier","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1002\/pssc.200778414","article-title":"Is Auger\nrecombination responsible for the efficiency\nrollover in III-nitride light-emitting diodes?","volume":"5","author":"Bulashevich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi C"},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit3","volume-title":"Optical properties of\nsolids","author":"Fox","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7748","key":"2026101310084714600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1013-x","article-title":"Van der Waals\nintegration before\nand beyond two-dimensional materials","volume":"567","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.71","article-title":"Highly anisotropic\nand robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.171","article-title":"Direct\nobservation of the layer-dependent electronic structure in phosphorene","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4458","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5458","article-title":"Rediscovering\nblack phosphorus as\nan anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics","volume":"5","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04041","article-title":"Bright mid-infrared photoluminescence from\nthin-film black phosphorus","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01335-0","article-title":"Anomalous\nthickness dependence of photoluminescence quantum yield in black phosphorous","volume":"18","author":"Higashitarumizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66014-1","article-title":"Dynamically tunable\npolarized mid-infrared light-emitting\ndiodes from polarization singularities in a band-edge Weyl node","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401550","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202401550","article-title":"Emerging 2D materials\nand van der Waals heterostructures\nfor advanced NIR, SWIR, and MWIR emitters","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small\nMethods"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101310084714600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12172996","article-title":"Infrared\nlight emission devices based on two-dimensional materials","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-019-0043-5","article-title":"Black phosphorus\nand its isoelectronic materials","volume":"1","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.8.000618","article-title":"Optical properties of black phosphorus","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0206","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0206","article-title":"Black phosphorus for\nphotonic integrated circuits","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101310084714600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7203","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00598B","article-title":"Tellurene: its physical\nproperties, scalable nanomanufacturing, and device applications","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026101310084714600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408969","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408969","article-title":"Electronics and optoelectronics\nbased on tellurium","volume":"36","author":"Zha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.8b00055","article-title":"First-principles\ninvestigation\nof black phosphorus synthesis","volume":"9","author":"Shriber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nLett."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02184a002","article-title":"Two new\nmodifications of phosphorus","volume":"36","author":"Bridgman","year":"1914","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02260a008","article-title":"Further\nnote on black phosphorus","volume":"38","author":"Bridgman","year":"1916","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310084714600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L482","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.21.L482","article-title":"Growth of large single\ncrystals of black phosphorus under high pressure","volume":"21","author":"Endo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026101310084714600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.19552800110","article-title":"U\u0308ber\ndie struktur und eigenschaften\nder halbmetalle. Viii. Die katalytische darstellung des schwarzen\nphosphors","volume":"280","author":"Krebs","year":"1955","journal-title":"Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X65004140","article-title":"Refinement of the crystal structure of black phosphorus","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"issue":"6R","key":"2026101310084714600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.28.1019","article-title":"Preparation of black\nphosphorus single crystals by a completely closed bismuth-flux method\nand their crystal morphology","volume":"28","author":"Baba","year":"1989","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl.\nPhys."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101310084714600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200602592","article-title":"Black phosphorus and its composite for lithium rechargeable\nbatteries","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026101310084714600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11791","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201906416","article-title":"Direct Z-scheme\nhetero-phase junction of black\/red phosphorus for photocatalytic water\nsplitting","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310084714600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1021\/ic062192q","article-title":"Au3SnP7@black\nphosphorus: An easy access to black phosphorus","volume":"46","author":"Lange","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310084714600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2008.03.008","article-title":"A fast low-pressure transport route\nto large black phosphorus single crystals","volume":"181","author":"Nilges","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\nSolid State Chem."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2014.07.029","article-title":"Access and\nin situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus","volume":"405","author":"Ko\u0308pf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.35","article-title":"Black phosphorus\nfield-effect transistors","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310084714600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b01709","article-title":"Growth mechanism and enhanced yield of black phosphorus\nmicroribbons","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026101310084714600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7737","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CE01608A","article-title":"Understanding the growth of black phosphorus crystals","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310084714600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6579","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.7b01239","article-title":"New strategy for black\nphosphorus crystal growth through ternary clathrate","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00021","article-title":"Revisiting the growth\nof black phosphorus in Sn-I assisted reactions","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101310084714600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-020-04446-9","article-title":"The preparation\nof\nblack phosphorus in RP\/Sn\/I2 system: its nucleation agent\nand relatively optimal temperature program","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CE02550A","article-title":"Hittorf\u2019s\nphosphorus: the missing link during transformation of red phosphorus\nto black phosphorus","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-024-3142-9","article-title":"High yield\ngrowth of centimeter-sized black phosphorus single crystal thin flakes\nthrough bidirectional vapor transport","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci.\nChina Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/2\/3\/031002","article-title":"Synthesis of thin-film black phosphorus\non a flexible substrate","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703748","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703748","article-title":"Synthesis of crystalline black phosphorus thin\nfilm on sapphire","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026101310084714600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500990","article-title":"Field-effect transistors\nbased on amorphous black phosphorus\nultrathin films by pulsed laser deposition","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310084714600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01001-7","article-title":"Large-scale growth\nof few-layer two-dimensional black phosphorus","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c04372","article-title":"Heteroepitaxial\ngrowth of black phosphorus\non tin monosulfide","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14902-z","article-title":"Epitaxial\nnucleation and lateral growth of high-crystalline black phosphorus\nfilms on silicon","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01516-1","article-title":"Growth of single-crystal black phosphorus and its alloy\nfilms through\nsustained feedstock release","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-01830-2","article-title":"Seeded growth of single-crystal black phosphorus nanoribbons","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310084714600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02314-7","article-title":"High-quality narrow black phosphorus nanoribbons\nwith\nnearly atomically smooth edges and well-defined edge orientation","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.046801","article-title":"Oxygen defects in phosphorene","volume":"114","author":"Ziletti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310084714600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025011","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/3\/2\/025011","article-title":"Degradation of phosphorene\nin air: understanding at atomic level","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026101310084714600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9131","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201705012","article-title":"Water-catalyzed oxidation\nof few-layer black phosphorous in a dark environment","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102018","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202102018","article-title":"Directly evaluating the optical anisotropy\nof few-layered black phosphorus during ambient oxidization","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310084714600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4299","article-title":"Photooxidation and quantum confinement\neffects in exfoliated black phosphorus","volume":"14","author":"Favron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat.\nMater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310084714600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1021\/nl5032293","article-title":"Effective passivation of exfoliated black phosphorus\ntransistors against ambient degradation","volume":"14","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035010","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/3\/3\/035010","article-title":"Simple fabrication\nof air-stable black phosphorus heterostructures with large-area hBN\nsheets grown by chemical vapor deposition method","volume":"3","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310084714600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/aafd3c","article-title":"Tunable Schottky\nbarriers in ultrathin black phosphorus field effect transistors via\npolymer capping","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310084714600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR06085H","article-title":"Covalent functionalization of black\nphosphorus nanoflakes by carbon free radicals for durable air and\nwater stability","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9679","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b00556","article-title":"Electrostatic\nfunctionalization and passivation of water-exfoliated few-layer black\nphosphorus by poly dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride and its ultrafast\nlaser application","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.12.027","article-title":"High yield growth and doping of black\nphosphorus with tunable electronic properties","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026101310084714600_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20081","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR06583K","article-title":"Improvement\nin the quality of black phosphorus by selecting a mineralizer","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.52.2148","article-title":"Electrical properties of black phosphorus\nsingle crystals","volume":"52","author":"Akahama","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101310084714600_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5022540","article-title":"Room temperature ferromagnetism in transition metal-doped black phosphorous","volume":"112","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101310084714600_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10227","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.9b01398","article-title":"In situ doping\nof black phosphorus\nby high-pressure synthesis","volume":"58","author":"Antonatos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310084714600_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201106479","article-title":"Synthesis and identification\nof metastable compounds: Black arsenic\u2500Science or fiction?","volume":"51","author":"Osters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026101310084714600_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600692","article-title":"Selenium-doped black\nphosphorus for high-responsivity 2D photodetectors","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.9.002348","article-title":"Synthesis of black\narsenic-phosphorus and its application for Er-doped fiber ultrashort\nlaser generation","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310084714600_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-023-3762-9","article-title":"Growth of uniformly doped black phosphorus\nfilms through versatile atomic substitution","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106177","article-title":"Tailoring the epitaxial\ngrowth of oriented Te nanoribbon\narrays","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211527","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202211527","article-title":"Programmable\nnucleation and growth\nof ultrathin tellurium nanowires via a pulsed physical vapor deposition\ndesign","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026101310084714600_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300141","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202300141","article-title":"Single-orientation\nepitaxy of quasi-1D tellurium nanowires on M-plane sapphire for highly\nuniform polarization sensitive short-wave infrared photodetection","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-025-00958-6","article-title":"Synthesis\nof wafer-scale uniaxially oriented tellurium films via molecular engineering","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026101310084714600_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803109","article-title":"High-mobility\nhelical tellurium field-effect transistors\nenabled by transfer-free, low-temperature direct growth","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310084714600_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202517882","article-title":"Sub-5-min ultrafast\ngrowth of millimeter-scale-length tellurium nanowires with broadband\nbulk photovoltaic response","volume":"38","author":"Guan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0058-4","article-title":"Field-effect\ntransistors made from solution-grown two-dimensional\ntellurene","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b03424","article-title":"Solution-synthesized\nhigh-mobility tellurium\nnanoflakes for short-wave infrared photodetectors","volume":"12","author":"Amani","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026101310084714600_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906585","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201906585","article-title":"Hydrogen-assisted growth\nof ultrathin\nTe flakes with giant gate-dependent photoresponse","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103594","article-title":"Controllable\nsynthesis of high-quality two-dimensional tellurium by a facile chemical\nvapor transport strategy","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00852-2","article-title":"Growth\nof tellurium nanobelts on h-BN for p-type transistors with ultrahigh\nhole mobility","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Micro Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101540","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101540","article-title":"Orientated growth of\nultrathin tellurium\nby van der Waals epitaxy","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45940-6","article-title":"Phase-engineered synthesis\nof atomically thin te single crystals with high on-state currents","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026101310084714600_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202523222","article-title":"Atomically\nprecise bottom-up growth\nof semiconducting Te nanoribbons","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026101310084714600_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202100860","article-title":"Tellurium\nsingle-crystal\narrays by low-temperature evaporation and crystallization","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310084714600_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202513317","article-title":"Wafer-Scale (100)-Oriented Te Single-Crystalline Thin Films with\nExceptional Electronic and Photodetection Performance","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026101310084714600_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001329","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001329","article-title":"Evaporated SexTe1-x Thin Films with\nTunable Bandgaps for Short-Wave Infrared Photodetectors","volume":"32","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026101310084714600_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17293","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c05323","article-title":"Precursor-confined\nchemical vapor deposition of 2D single-crystalline\nSe(x)Te(1-x) nanosheets for p-type transistors\nand inverters","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026101310084714600_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13836","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b04741","article-title":"Radiatively\ndominated charge carrier recombination in black phosphorus","volume":"120","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026101310084714600_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10432","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b04971","article-title":"Fundamental insights\ninto the degradation and stabilization of thin layer black phosphorus","volume":"139","author":"Abellan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075427","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.075427","article-title":"Electronic structures\nof air-exposed few-layer black phosphorus by optical spectroscopy","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026101310084714600_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208054","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202208054","article-title":"Bright\nand efficient light-emitting devices based on 2D transition metal\ndichalcogenides","volume":"35","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026101310084714600_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802687","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802687","article-title":"Electroluminescent devices based\non 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c04557","article-title":"Bright mid-wave\ninfrared resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes based\non black phosphorus","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310084714600_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9143","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b03994","article-title":"Modulation of Quantum\nTunneling via a Vertical Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus and Molybdenum\nDisulfide p\u2013n Junction","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026101310084714600_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11536","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01829","article-title":"Current crowding\nin a high-efficiency black phosphorus\nlight-emitting diode using a reflective back contact","volume":"25","author":"Brodeur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310084714600_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021001","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.021001","article-title":"Colloquium: Excitons in atomically\nthin transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev.\nMod. Phys."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101310084714600_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235319","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.89.235319","article-title":"Layer-controlled band\ngap and anisotropic excitons in few-layer black phosphorus","volume":"89","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2015.85","article-title":"Optical tuning of exciton\nand trion emissions in monolayer phosphorene","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14071","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14071","article-title":"Infrared fingerprints of few-layer black phosphorus","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap9977","article-title":"Determination\nof layer-dependent exciton binding energies\nin few-layer black phosphorus","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-026-4263-3","article-title":"Anisotropic strain tunable near-infrared\nexciton emission in phosphorene.","author":"Yun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. China\nMater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L041407","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.L041407","article-title":"Electrical\ncontrol of anisotropic and tightly bound excitons in bilayer\nphosphorene","volume":"103","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41126-8","article-title":"Layer-dependent exciton polarizability and the brightening\nof dark\nexcitons in few-layer black phosphorus","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"27","key":"2026101310084714600_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24841","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c02908","article-title":"Electrically\ntunable\nexciton and telecom-band light-emitting diodes in few-layer phosphorene","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310084714600_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/abca81","article-title":"Excitons in\nbulk black\nphosphorus evidenced by photoluminescence at low temperature","volume":"8","author":"Carre\u0301","year":"2021","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6134","article-title":"Widely\ntunable mid-infrared light emission\nin thin-film black phosphorus","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"7871","key":"2026101310084714600_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03701-1","article-title":"Actively variable-spectrum\noptoelectronics\nwith black phosphorus","volume":"596","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00581","article-title":"Mid-infrared polarized emission from\nblack phosphorus light-emitting diodes","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00356-x","article-title":"Black phosphorus-based van der Waals heterostructures\nfor mid-infrared light-emission applications","volume":"9","author":"Zong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310084714600_cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6824","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02818","article-title":"Black\nphosphorus mid-infrared\nlight-emitting diodes integrated with silicon photonic waveguides","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10181","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00277","article-title":"Van\nder Waals heterostructure\nmid-infrared emitters with electrically controllable polarization\nstates and spectral characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310084714600_cit108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.4c00426","article-title":"Mid-infrared light-emitting\ndiodes based on black phosphorus with asymmetric electrodes","volume":"6","author":"Ai","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40602-5","article-title":"Long operating lifetime mid-infrared\nLEDs based on black phosphorus","volume":"14","author":"Higashitarumizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026101310084714600_cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi9384","article-title":"Large-scale\nefficient mid-wave infrared optoelectronics based on black phosphorus\nink","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b00096","article-title":"Mid-infrared black phosphorus\nsurface-emitting laser with an open microcavity","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101310084714600_cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808319","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808319","article-title":"Wavelength-tunable mid-infrared\nlasing from black phosphorus nanosheets","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101310084714600_cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300278","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202300278","article-title":"Wide-wavelength\ntunable\nmid-infrared lasing based on black arsenic phosphorus","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-022-00293-w","article-title":"The resurrection of tellurium as an elemental two-dimensional\nsemiconductor","volume":"6","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33190-3","article-title":"Unveiling Weyl-related optical responses in semiconducting\ntellurium\nby mid-infrared circular photogalvanic effect","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.100.1094","article-title":"Recombination processes in tellurium","volume":"100","author":"Redfield","year":"1955","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.114.664","article-title":"Optical properties\nof tellurium and\nselenium","volume":"114","author":"Caldwell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.127.1024","article-title":"Intrinsic optical\nabsorption in tellurium","volume":"127","author":"Blakemore","year":"1962","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49706-y","article-title":"Giant nonlinear Hall\nand wireless rectification effects at room temperature\nin the elemental semiconductor tellurium","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0715-4","article-title":"Quantum\nHall effect of Weyl fermions\nin n-type semiconducting tellurene","volume":"15","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026101310084714600_cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306330","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306330","article-title":"Berry curvature dipole\ninduced giant mid-infrared second-harmonic\ngeneration in 2D Weyl semiconductor","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65353-3","article-title":"Topologically enhanced giant broadband second-harmonic\ngeneration in Weyl semiconductor tellurium","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310084714600_cit123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075436","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.075436","article-title":"Infrared ultrafast\nspectroscopy of\nsolution-grown thin film tellurium","volume":"100","author":"Iyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev.\nB"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014311","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.110.014311","article-title":"Ultrafast\ndynamics of photoexcited\ncarriers in tellurium in the vicinity of Weyl nodes","volume":"110","author":"Zhuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17766-5","article-title":"Ultrafast photoinduced\nband splitting and carrier dynamics in chiral tellurium nanosheets","volume":"11","author":"Jnawali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310084714600_cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2018.01.010","article-title":"Few-layer Tellurium:\none-dimensional-like\nlayered elementary semiconductor with striking physical properties","volume":"63","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b09665","article-title":"Charge mobility and recombination\nmechanisms in tellurium van der Waals solid","volume":"123","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310084714600_cit128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136404","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.136404","article-title":"Radial\nspin texture in elemental tellurium with chiral crystal structure","volume":"124","author":"Sakano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101310084714600_cit129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.216402","article-title":"Radial spin texture of the Weyl fermions in chiral tellurium","volume":"125","author":"Gatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101310084714600_cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01622","article-title":"Mid-infrared photoluminescence\nfrom tellurium thin films","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310084714600_cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202517175","article-title":"Electrically tunable\nand linearly polarized mid-infrared photoluminescence in 2D tellurium","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75638-w","article-title":"Ultrafast non-volatile\ncharge storage and mid-infrared photoluminescence in LuminoMem tellurium\ndevices for in-memory computing","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101310084714600_cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b01523","article-title":"Midwavelength infrared photoluminescence\nand lasing of tellurium elemental solid and microcrystals","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.3c06944","article-title":"Unveiling ultrafast\ncarrier dynamics\nof tellurium microcrystals by two-color asynchronous sampling infrared\ntransient absorption spectroscopy","volume":"128","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. C"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101310084714600_cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5c03942","article-title":"Ultrafast band-edge\ncarrier dynamics in the Weyl semiconductor tellurium microcrystal","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit136","volume-title":"Unmounted single-color\nLED 3800 nm","author":"Thorlabs.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit137","volume-title":"Mid infrared\nLED L15893 series","author":"Hamamatsu Photonics.","year":"2026"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2010.06.007","article-title":"Infrared light emitting device with\ntwo color emission","volume":"54","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Solid-State Electron."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4719110","article-title":"High power,\ncontinuous wave, room temperature operation of \u03bb\u223c3.4\n\u03bcm and \u03bb\u223c3.55 \u03bcm InP-based quantum cascade\nlasers","volume":"100","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101310084714600_cit140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1063\/1.115141","article-title":"3.2 \u03bcm\ninfrared resonant cavity light emitting diode","volume":"67","author":"Hadji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1261898","article-title":"3.3-\u03bc m LEDs for measuring methane","volume":"23","author":"Popov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Technol. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310084714600_cit142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1262210","article-title":"InAsSb light-emitting diodes for the detection of CO2\n(\u03bb= 4.3 \u03bc m)","volume":"24","author":"Popov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Technol. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026101310084714600_cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1117\/12.271035","article-title":"Light-emitting\ndiodes for the 1.7\u20132.4 um wavelengths.","volume-title":"Light-Emitting Diodes: research, Manufacturing, And Applications","author":"Popov","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310084714600_cit144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-023-1265-7","article-title":"Insight into the growth mechanism of black phosphorus","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014505","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.96.014505","article-title":"Bose\u2013Einstein\ncondensation and superfluidity of dipolar excitons in a phosphorene\ndouble layer","volume":"96","author":"Berman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101310084714600_cit146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.174503","article-title":"High-temperature electron-hole superfluidity\nwith strong\nanisotropic gaps in double phosphorene monolayers","volume":"97","author":"Saberi-Pouya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101310084714600_cit147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235421","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.235421","article-title":"Moire\u0301 band structures of twisted phosphorene\nbilayers","volume":"105","author":"Soltero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310084714600_cit148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR07736H","article-title":"Moire\u0301 bands\nin twisted trilayer\nblack phosphorene: effects of pressure and electric field","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310084714600_cit149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00440-1","article-title":"Emerging exciton physics in transition\nmetal dichalcogenide heterobilayers","volume":"7","author":"Regan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nMater."},{"issue":"6639","key":"2026101310084714600_cit150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg0014","article-title":"Moire\u0301 photonics and optoelectronics","volume":"379","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701696","article-title":"Moire\u0301 excitons: From programmable quantum emitter arrays to\nspin-orbit-coupled artificial lattices","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci.\nAdv."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310084714600_cit152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2527371123","article-title":"Moire\u0301\ncollapse and Luttinger liquids in twisted anisotropic homobilayers","volume":"123","author":"de Sousa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026101310084714600_cit153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi5404","article-title":"Pseudo-heterostructure\nand condensation\nof 1D moire\u0301 excitons in twisted phosphorene bilayers","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310084714600_cit154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24272-9","article-title":"Anisotropic moire\u0301\noptical transitions in twisted monolayer\/bilayer phosphorene heterostructures","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6721","key":"2026101310084714600_cit155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq2977","article-title":"Bright\ndipolar excitons in twisted black phosphorus\nhomostructures","volume":"386","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310084714600_cit156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01717-x","article-title":"Nanophotonics\nwith multilayer\nvan der Waals materials","volume":"19","author":"Zotev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310084714600_cit157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00558-w","article-title":"Photonic van der Waals\nintegration from 2D materials to 3D nanomembranes","volume":"8","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c09378","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c09378\/68715246\/acsnano.6c09378.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c09378\/68715246\/acsnano.6c09378.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:09:56Z","timestamp":1791918596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/40\/26850\/5442621\/Growth-and-Infrared-Light-Emission-of-Emerging-van"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c09378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}