{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:05:37Z","timestamp":1790089537240,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFA1407004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA1407004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFA1208203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFA1208203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014219","name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22325301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22325301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23A2076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A2076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate optical gain measurement at the microscale has long been plagued by photorefractive effects that distort optical spectroscopy signals under high excitation conditions. Here, we develop a phase-sensitive microscopic transient white-light interferometry that disentangles gain dynamics from transient refractive index changes, enabling direct access to intrinsic gain in photorefractive materials. Applying this method to CsPbBr3 single-crystal microplatelets, we reveal that conventional measurements underestimate gain by up to 20%. The corrected gain exhibits a duration of 500 ps and a bandwidth of \u223c30 nm. We further uncover that the optical confinement factor governs a nonmonotonic thickness dependence of gain, peaking at \u223c140 nm. Exploiting this optimal cavity length in a DBR structure yields a lasing threshold of 0.07 \u03bcJ\u00b7cm\u20132. This work presents a general method for measuring gain in photorefractive micronano materials and offers design guidelines for high-performance microlasers and integrated photonic circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c09450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:50:43Z","timestamp":1788529843000},"page":"25492-25501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying\nMicroscale Gain in Photorefractive Semiconductors\nby Transient White-Light Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chuanxiu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]},{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenna","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]},{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-7271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuai","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]},{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"Weifang University , , ,","place":["Weifang, P. R. China, 261061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Forestry , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 102300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-0928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianxin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, P. R. China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. 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