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(NSFC)","award":["12074195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074195"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["12127803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12127803"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["12427806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12427806"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["22573050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22573050"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["92477130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92477130"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ultrafast transport dynamics of photogenerated carriers at buried semiconductor heterointerfaces govern the operation of modern optoelectronic devices, yet direct real-space visualization of in-plane carrier motion at such interfaces has remained an outstanding experimental challenge. Here, using scanning ultrafast electron microscopy (SUEM), we directly image, with nanometer and picosecond spatiotemporal resolution, the in-plane photocarrier dynamics at a shallow-buried cadmium sulfide (CdS)\/CdSe heterointerface. Upon focused fs laser excitation, we observe that electrons and holes undergo picosecond-scale radial separation along the interface plane, orthogonal to the built-in electric field, forming a ring-shaped charge distribution that persists for nanoseconds. Through quantitative spatiotemporal analysis and theoretical modeling, we reveal that this behavior originates from a heterointerface-mediated lateral photo-Dember (LPD) effect, driven by the intrinsic mobility asymmetry between separated electrons confined in the upper CdS layer and holes confined in the bottom CdSe layer. The analysis yields a pronounced difference (\u223c241.8 cm2\/s) in subdiffusive transport coefficients between the two carrier populations, providing a quantitative measure of the asymmetric in-plane mobility that underpins the ultrafast radial charge separation. Our work provides direct real-space imaging evidence of the LPD effect in semiconductor heterostructures, which holds implications for optoelectronic devices including on-chip terahertz emitters, high-speed photodetectors, and photocatalyst architectures. These results also establish SUEM as a powerful tool for visualizing and quantifying hidden carrier dynamics at buried interfaces with high spatiotemporal resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c09594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:02:01Z","timestamp":1791352921000},"page":"27784-27794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrafast In-Plane\nPhoto-Dember Ring at Buried Semiconductor\nHeterointerfaces Visualized by Scanning Ultrafast Electron Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaocheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuanzhuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuntao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]},{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-0611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuewei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-4680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuewen","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]},{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]},{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.187","article-title":"A nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetector based on\ninterfacial trap-controlled charge injection","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202524","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202202524","article-title":"Balancing the photo-induced\ncarrier transport\nbehavior at two semiconductor interfaces for dual-polarity photodetection","volume":"32","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1021\/ar800269u","article-title":"Charge-transfer\nexcitons at organic\nsemiconductor surfaces and interfaces","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acc.\nChem. Res."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS01012A","article-title":"Understanding of\ncarrier dynamics, heterojunction merits\nand device physics: towards designing efficient carrier transport\nlayer-free perovskite solar cells","volume":"49","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc.\nRev."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac3f58","article-title":"Terahertz interface\nphysics: from terahertz wave propagation to terahertz wave generation","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0785","article-title":"Ultrafast carrier dynamics\nin terahertz photoconductors and photomixers: beyond short-carrier-lifetime\nsemiconductors","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374002","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/47\/37\/374002","article-title":"THz emitters based on the photo-Dember\neffect","volume":"47","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1636821","article-title":"Diffusion and drift\nin terahertz emission at GaAs surfaces","volume":"83","author":"Heyman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl.\nPhys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081906","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2772772","article-title":"Dember\neffect induced photovoltage in perovskite pn heterojunctions","volume":"91","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2021.118487","article-title":"Highly efficient\nterahertz emission from layered ZrTe5 crystal with strong anisotropy\nand high in-plane carrier mobility","volume":"241","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3543627","article-title":"Photo-Dember\nterahertz emitter excited with an Er: fiber laser","volume":"98","author":"Klatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.004939","article-title":"Terahertz emission\nfrom lateral photo-Dember currents","volume":"18","author":"Klatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16263","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.016263","article-title":"Investigation\nof the role of the lateral photo-Dember effect in the generation of\nterahertz radiation using a metallic mask on a semiconductor","volume":"21","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b01912","article-title":"Ultrafast\nlateral photo-Dember effect\nin graphene induced by nonequilibrium hot carrier dynamics","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4850576","article-title":"Multiple lateral\nphoto-Dember terahertz\nemitters illuminated by a cylindrical micro-lens array","volume":"103","author":"Gow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2011.2109034","article-title":"Large Irreversible\nLateral Photovoltaic Effect in Cu2O\/Si Heteroepitaxial\nJunction","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7708","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2031322","article-title":"4D scanning\nultrafast\nelectron microscopy: visualization of materials surface dynamics","volume":"133","author":"Mohammed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400138111","article-title":"Visualization\nof carrier dynamics\nin p (n)-type GaAs by scanning ultrafast electron microscopy","volume":"111","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b01867","article-title":"Real-space imaging\nof carrier dynamics of materials surfaces by second-generation four-dimensional\nscanning ultrafast electron microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400633","article-title":"A Femtosecond\nElectron-Based Versatile Microscopy for Visualizing Carrier Dynamics\nin Semiconductors Across Spatiotemporal and Energetic Domains","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.124","article-title":"Photo-excited\nhot carrier dynamics in hydrogenated amorphous silicon imaged by 4D\nelectron microscopy","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2410428121","article-title":"Imaging hot\nphotocarrier\ntransfer across a semiconductor heterojunction with ultrafast electron\nmicroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Shaheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa0217","article-title":"Four-dimensional\nimaging\nof carrier interface dynamics in pn junctions","volume":"347","author":"Najafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15177","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15177","article-title":"Super-diffusion of\nexcited carriers in semiconductors","volume":"8","author":"Najafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c10529","article-title":"Raman and\ninfrared studies of CdSe\/CdS core\/shell nanoplatelets","volume":"125","author":"Lebedev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17204","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR06949E","article-title":"Morphology-induced phonon spectra\nof CdSe\/CdS nanoplatelets: core\/shell vs. core\u2013crown","volume":"8","author":"Dzhagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/cm202947n","article-title":"Interfacial alloying\nin CdSe\/CdS heteronanocrystals: A Raman spectroscopy analysis","volume":"24","author":"Tschirner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134708","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4979515","article-title":"Interface\nformation during silica encapsulation of\ncolloidal CdSe\/CdS quantum dots observed by in situ Raman spectroscopy","volume":"146","author":"Biermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18225","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4046808","article-title":"Raman-and\nIR-active phonons in CdSe\/CdS core\/shell nanocrystals in the presence\nof interface alloying and strain","volume":"117","author":"Dzhagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nC"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11586","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c02252","article-title":"Imaging Photocarrier\nDynamics in Schottky Junction Interface by Scanning\nUltrafast Electron Microscopy","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.7b01116","article-title":"Spatiotemporal observation of electron-impact\ndynamics in photovoltaic materials using 4D electron microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Shaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b02908","article-title":"Mapping\ncarrier dynamics on material surfaces in space and time using scanning\nultrafast electron microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nLett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2022.09.029","article-title":"Persistent\nhot carrier diffusion in boron arsenide single crystals imaged by\nultrafast electron microscopy","volume":"6","author":"Choudhry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c02345","article-title":"Lock-in\nultrafast electron microscopy simultaneously visualizes carrier recombination\nand interface-mediated trapping","volume":"11","author":"Garming","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nLett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2018.01.010","article-title":"Charge dynamics\nin aluminum oxide thin film studied by ultrafast scanning electron\nmicroscopy","volume":"187","author":"Zani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(72)91140-4","article-title":"Hole and electron drift\nvelocity in CdSe at room temperature","volume":"11","author":"Canali","year":"1972","journal-title":"Solid\nState Commun."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.8.314","article-title":"Hole drift mobility\nand lifetime in CdS crystals","volume":"8","author":"Mort","year":"1962","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1088\/0370-1328\/81\/1\/319","article-title":"Electron and hole transport\nin CdS crystals","volume":"81","author":"Spear","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proc. Phys. Soc., London"},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073727","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2996032","article-title":"Intrinsic\nelectron mobilities in CdSe, CdS, ZnO, and\nZnS and their use in analysis of temperature-dependent Hall measurements","volume":"104","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physchem-052516-050703","article-title":"Spatially resolved\nphotogenerated exciton and charge\ntransport in emerging semiconductors","volume":"71","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu.\nRev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4646","article-title":"Visualization\nof exciton transport in ordered and disordered molecular solids","volume":"5","author":"Akselrod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102008171271800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15882-w","article-title":"Exciton diffusion in two-dimensional\nmetal-halide perovskites","volume":"11","author":"Seitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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