{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:10:14Z","timestamp":1790691014185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-NR072469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR072469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00462912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00462912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25520892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25520892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003716","name":"Korea Basic Science Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25479531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25479531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disruption of dopamine signaling is central to Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) pathology and a primary target of symptomatic therapy. However, direct measurement of dopamine dynamics in human neural tissue with high sensitivity, temporal resolution, and compatibility with three-dimensional models remains technically challenging. Here, an organoid-on-a-chip platform that integrates a cavity-coupled nanoplasmonic aptasensor with human brainstem organoids (hBSOs) and microfluidic control is employed for label-free monitoring of the extracellular dopamine response. The plasmonic aptasensor achieves a limit of detection of 8.3 pM with minimal cross-reactivity with related catecholamines. Under static conditions, dopamine secretion from healthy- and PD-line hBSOs is quantified, revealing reduced basal secretion in PD-line organoids and selective enhancement by PD-targeted drugs compared with non-PD agents. Under perfused microfluidic conditions, L-DOPA-induced dopamine changes are monitored continuously over 12 h, and real-time spectral peak shifts are reconstructed into dopamine concentration\u2013time profiles to assess kinetic responses to drug treatment. This real-time, nanoplasmonic neurotransmitter sensing framework links controlled drug dosing to extracellular dopamine dynamics in human neural organoid-on-chip systems for preclinical evaluation of PD therapies and other neuroactive perturbations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c09629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:01:12Z","timestamp":1789704072000},"page":"26096-26111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoplasmonic\nAptasensing Enables Real-Time Optical\nMonitoring of Neurotransmitters in Living Brainstem Organoids"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hanjun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngjun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungho","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyusoo","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taehoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Jong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Chan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-6670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Inki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009258","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009258","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s\nDisease and Parkinsonism: Neuropathology","volume":"2","author":"Dickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold\nSpring Harbor Perspect. Med."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00378-6","article-title":"Role of\nDopamine in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.022","article-title":"Dopamine in Motivational Control:\nRewarding, Aversive, and Alerting","volume":"68","author":"Bromberg-Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117803","article-title":"Impedance-Based\nDopamine Detection Neural Probe Utilizing\nDopamine Antibody: Real-Time Quantification of Dopamine","volume":"288","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23727","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c08256","article-title":"COF-Coated Microelectrode\nfor Space-Confined Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s\nDisease Model Mouse Brain","volume":"145","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.137037","article-title":"A Covalent\nOrganic Frameworks Based Sensor for Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric\nDetection of Nanomolar Dopamine in Living Mouse Brain","volume":"426","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.08.009","article-title":"Dopamine in\nParkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"522","author":"Latif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn983","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s\nDisease: Dopamine,\nVesicles and \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"3","author":"Lotharius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment\nof Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.107","article-title":"The Use of Brain Organoids to Investigate\nNeural Development and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Lullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.082","article-title":"Modeling Development\nand Disease with Organoids","volume":"165","author":"Clevers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr0654","article-title":"Axially Multifocal\nMetalens for 3D Volumetric Photoacoustic Imaging of Neuromelanin in\nLive Brain Organoid","volume":"11","author":"Barulin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2023.05.020","article-title":"Organoid\nModels of Breathing Disorders Reveal Patterning Defect of Hindbrain\nNeurons Caused by PHOX2B-PARMs","volume":"18","author":"Lui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00538","article-title":"Brainstem Organoids\nFrom Human Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"14","author":"Eura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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Parkinsons\nDis."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612906114","article-title":"Multisensor-Integrated Organs-on-Chips Platform for Automated and\nContinual in Situ Monitoring of Organoid Behaviors","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65853-2","article-title":"A nanoMIP\nSensor for Real-Time in Vivo Monitoring of Levodopa Pharmacokinetics\nin Precision Parkinson\u2019s Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07722","article-title":"All-Dielectric\nMetasurface Fluorescence Biosensors for High-Sensitivity Antibody\/Antigen\nDetection","volume":"14","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00700-w","article-title":"Electrochemical Protein\nBiosensors for Disease Marker Detection: Progress and Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061729","article-title":"Development of Fluorescence-Based\nMethod for Dopamine Determination Using o-Phthaldialdehyde and 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane","volume":"25","author":"Sliesarenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6578-2","article-title":"New Trends\nin the Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine","volume":"405","author":"Jackowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-01045-5","article-title":"Advances and\nApplications\nof Nanophotonic Biosensors","volume":"17","author":"Altug","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.1114","article-title":"Theory of Extraordinary\nOptical Transmission through Subwavelength Hole Arrays","volume":"86","author":"Marti\u0301n-Moreno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00277G","article-title":"Plasmonic Nanohole Array Biosensor\nfor Label-Free and Real-Time Analysis of Live Cell Secretion","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10217","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10217","article-title":"Nanopore Sensing at Ultra-Low Concentrations Using\nSingle-Molecule Dielectrophoretic Trapping","volume":"7","author":"Freedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01708-y","article-title":"Plasmonic Biosensor\nEnabled by Resonant Quantum Tunnelling","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat.\nPhotonics"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c14751","article-title":"Optical Metasurfaces\nfor Biomedical Imaging and Sensing","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12771","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12024","article-title":"Angle-Resolved Polarimetry\nwith Quasi-Bound\nStates in the Continuum Plasmonic Metamaterials via 3D Aerosol Nanoprinting","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118052","article-title":"Metasurface\nPlasmon Resonance Platform for High-Throughput, Label-Free, Real-Time,\nLong-Term Monitoring of in Vitro Cancer Therapy Assessment","volume":"292","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12007","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c17289","article-title":"High-Electron-Mobility\nMXene-Enhanced Metasurface Biosensors Integrated\nwith Microfluidics for Real-Time Multifunctional Monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203635","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202203635","article-title":"A Nanoplasmonic Portable Molecular\nInteraction Platform for High-Throughput Drug Screening","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300229","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300229","article-title":"Metasurfaces-Driven\nHyperspectral Imaging via Multiplexed Plasmonic Resonance Energy Transfer","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202505660","article-title":"Monitoring the Dynamics of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers\nand the APOE \u2212Tau Axis via Human Cerebral Organoids with Immuno-SERS","volume":"12","author":"Jo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04594-x","article-title":"Resolving Molecule-Specific\nInformation in Dynamic Lipid Membrane Processes with Multi-Resonant\nInfrared Metasurfaces","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas9768","article-title":"Imaging-Based Molecular\nBarcoding with Pixelated Dielectric Metasurfaces","volume":"360","author":"Tittl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17152","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.152","article-title":"Phase-Sensitive Plasmonic\nBiosensor Using a Portable and Large Field-of-View Interferometric\nMicroarray Imager","volume":"7","author":"Yesilkoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0394-6","article-title":"Ultrasensitive\nHyperspectral\nImaging and Biodetection Enabled by Dielectric Metasurfaces","volume":"13","author":"Yesilkoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051505","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0171350","article-title":"Organoid-on-a-Chip: Current Challenges,\nTrends, and Future Scope\ntoward Medicine","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8030066","article-title":"Anti-Biofouling Strategies\nfor Long-Term Continuous Use of Implantable\nBiosensors","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.07.003","article-title":"Organoid-on-a-Chip\nand Body-on-a-Chip\nSystems for Drug Screening and Disease Modeling","volume":"21","author":"Skardal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.10.001","article-title":"Microfluidic Organoids-on-a-Chip:\nThe Future of Human Models","volume":"144","author":"Saorin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev.\nBiol."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1487","article-title":"Coupling\nof Plasmonic and Optical Cavity Modes in Quasi-Three-Dimensional Plasmonic\nCrystals","volume":"2","author":"Chanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04253","article-title":"Enzyme-Free Plasmonic Biosensor for\nDirect Detection of Neurotransmitter Dopamine from Whole Blood","volume":"19","author":"Va\u0301zquez-Guardado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c10964","article-title":"Nanofabrication for Nanophotonics","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7460","article-title":"Nanoplasmonic Aptasensor for Sensitive,\nSelective, and Real-Time Detection of Dopamine from Unprocessed Whole\nBlood","volume":"10","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8916","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9719586","article-title":"Characterization\nof DNA Probes Immobilized on Gold\nSurfaces","volume":"119","author":"Herne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980037q","article-title":"Electrochemical\nQuantitation of DNA\nImmobilized on Gold","volume":"70","author":"Steel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28110","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c04981","article-title":"Extreme Light\u2013Matter Interactions\nin Single-Digit Nanospaces and Their Roles in Biosensors, Chemical\nProcesses, and Quantum Photonics","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00083-6","article-title":"Surface-Enhanced\nRaman Spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"2026092909133546000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40486-025-00238-0","article-title":"Plasmonic Field Enhancement\nEffect of Tip Sharpness on Bowtie Structure with Curved Side Arm","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micro Nano Syst. 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