{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:21:13Z","timestamp":1788434473024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012990","name":"Universit? degli Studi di Siena","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101063905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101063905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101097834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101097834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/SPP\/10515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/SPP\/10515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOIPD\/2022\/746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOIPD\/2022\/746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010685","name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010685","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Mobility scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mobility scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Controlling particle-level heterogeneity arising from postformation modification of biomolecular coronas remains a central challenge in bionano interaction studies. Variability in corona modifications can alter the biological identity of individual nanoparticles (NPs), compromising the accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretability of both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Despite its significant impact, particle-level uniformity is rarely measured directly. This issue is particularly critical for corona fluorescent labeling, where bulk fluorescence readouts can suggest efficient modification while masking substantial heterogeneity among individual particles. Here, we present a particle-resolved framework for optimizing fluorescent labeling of biomolecular coronas. Using a controlled core\u2013shell superparamagnetic iron oxide NP (SPION) platform, we labeled corona-associated proteins with Alexa Fluor 405 NHS ester while systematically varying critical reaction parameters, i.e., interparticle distance, dye-to-NP molar ratio, and mixing conditions. High-sensitivity nanoscale flow cytometry revealed that corona labeling is not simply an ensemble chemical reaction, but a heterogeneity-generating process shaped by local reaction environments and intrinsic NP structural variability. Conditions that appeared comparable by bulk fluorescence produced distinct particle-level distributions. We further show that the same design logic is applicable to structurally distinct biogenic NPs, milk extracellular vesicles (MEVs), and Alexa Fluor 647 as an additional dye molecular scaffold. Overall, this work underscores the need to shift from ensemble-averaged to single-particle characterization in biomolecular corona research and establishes transferable design principles for reliable optimization of corona labeling across diverse NP systems, while recognizing that system- and dye-specific refinement remains necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c10058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:21:21Z","timestamp":1787509281000},"page":"24091-24109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Particle-by-Particle\nBiomolecular Coronas: Insights\ninto Single-Particle Analysis of Fluorescent Labeling"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-9210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ester","family":"Canepa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3025-1529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Giacomozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]},{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Siena , , ,","place":["Siena, Italy, 53100"]},{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn , , ,","place":["Naples, Italy, 80121"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Legentil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1057-9852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Breno","family":"Moura Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1209-8581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pablo","family":"Grava\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn , , ,","place":["Naples, Italy, 80121"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1811-3041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Corsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Siena , , ,","place":["Siena, Italy, 53100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-2819","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rita","family":"Carrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council , , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90146"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-4063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]},{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0568-6588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College Dublin , , Belfield, ,","place":["Dublin, Ireland, 4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306592170200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608582104","article-title":"Understanding\nthe Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Using Methods to Quantify Exchange\nRates and Affinities of Proteins for Nanoparticles","volume":"104","author":"Cedervall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306592170200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00860-0","article-title":"Current Understanding\nof Biological Identity at the Nanoscale and\nFuture Prospects","volume":"16","author":"Dawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306592170200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1039\/C3MH00106G","article-title":"Protein Corona Formation\naround Nanoparticles - from\nthe Past to the Future","volume":"1","author":"Pino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306592170200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11773","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b08008","article-title":"A Decade of the Protein\nCorona","volume":"11","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090306592170200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33257","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13214","article-title":"Approaching Two Decades:\nBiomolecular Coronas and Bio-Nano Interactions","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306592170200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.207","article-title":"Biomolecular Coronas\nProvide the Biological Identity of Nanosized Materials","volume":"7","author":"Monopoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306592170200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1021\/ja107583h","article-title":"Physical-Chemical\nAspects of Protein\nCorona: Relevance to in Vitro and in Vivo Biological Impacts of Nanoparticles","volume":"133","author":"Monopoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306592170200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10842","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04858","article-title":"Understanding the Kinetics of Protein-Nanoparticle\nCorona Formation","volume":"10","author":"Vilanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026090306592170200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805135105","article-title":"Nanoparticle Size\nand Surface Properties Determine\nthe Protein Corona with Possible Implications for Biological Impacts","volume":"105","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026090306592170200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114356","article-title":"The Effects of Protein\nCorona on in Vivo Fate of Nanocarriers","volume":"186","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv.\nDrug Delivery Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306592170200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.08.011","article-title":"Biological Identity of Nanoparticles\nIn Vivo: Clinical Implications of the Protein Corona","volume":"35","author":"Caracciolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090306592170200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00658-1","article-title":"In Vivo Biomolecule\nCorona and the\nTransformation of a Foe into an Ally for Nanomedicine","volume":"9","author":"Hadjidemetriou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090306592170200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00552-2","article-title":"The Protein Corona\nfrom Nanomedicine to Environmental Science","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306592170200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00924-1","article-title":"Environmental Dimensions\nof the Protein\nCorona","volume":"16","author":"Wheeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00600-w","article-title":"Mechanistic\nUnderstanding of in Vivo Protein Corona\nFormation on Polymeric Nanoparticles and Impact on Pharmacokinetics","volume":"8","author":"Bertrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026090306592170200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301838","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301838","article-title":"An Overview\nof Nanoparticle\nProtein Corona Literature","volume":"19","author":"Hajipour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306592170200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2014.11.003","article-title":"Liposome-Protein\nCorona in a Physiological Environment: Challenges and Opportunities\nfor Targeted Delivery of Nanomedicines","volume":"11","author":"Caracciolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306592170200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA25493D","article-title":"In Vivo Protein\nCorona Patterns of Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Amici","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC\nAdv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39768-9","article-title":"Multiomics Analysis of Naturally\nEfficacious Lipid Nanoparticle Coronas Reveals High-Density Lipoprotein\nIs Necessary for Their Function","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306592170200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00808-5","article-title":"Profiling and Promise\nof Supermeres","volume":"23","author":"Clancy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090306592170200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0040-4","article-title":"Identification of Distinct Nanoparticles and Subsets of Extracellular\nVesicles by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090306592170200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0682-0","article-title":"Molecular Interactions at the Surface\nof Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"40","author":"Buza\u0301s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090306592170200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00983-z","article-title":"Opportunities\nand Challenges in Studying the Extracellular Vesicle Corona","volume":"24","author":"Buza\u0301s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306592170200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12140","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12140","article-title":"Formation\nof a Protein Corona on the Surface of Extracellular Vesicles in Blood\nPlasma","volume":"10","author":"To\u0301th","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306592170200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01585-y","article-title":"Cellular Uptake and in Vivo Distribution of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived\nExtracellular Vesicles Are Protein Corona Dependent","volume":"19","author":"Liam-Or","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306592170200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12399","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12399","article-title":"Uptake of\nExtracellular Vesicles into Immune Cells Is Enhanced by the Protein\nCorona","volume":"12","author":"Dietz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11593-z","article-title":"Brain-Targeted Drug\nDelivery by Manipulating Protein Corona Functions","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45254-7","article-title":"Regulating Protein\nCorona on Nanovesicles by Glycosylated Polyhydroxy\nPolymer Modification for Efficient Drug Delivery","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090306592170200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115114","article-title":"Protein Corona on Brain Targeted Nanocarriers: Challenges\nand Prospects","volume":"202","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090306592170200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1021\/ar500190q","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Cell\nInteractions: Molecular Structure\nof the Protein Corona and Cellular Outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Fleischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090306592170200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8858","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR02977B","article-title":"Visualization of the Protein Corona:\nTowards a Biomolecular\nUnderstanding of Nanoparticle-Cell-Interactions","volume":"9","author":"Kokkinopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026090306592170200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37345","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c06975","article-title":"Multicolor\nSuper-Resolution Microscopy of Protein Corona on Single Nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026090306592170200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203354","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203354","article-title":"In Situ Characterization\nof the Protein Corona of Nanoparticles\nIn Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"34","author":"Latreille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090306592170200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EN00767K","article-title":"Production,\nLabeling, and Applications\nof Micro- and Nanoplastic Reference and Test Materials","volume":"12","author":"Crosset-Perrotin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306592170200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR04916E","article-title":"Nanoparticle\nHeterogeneity: An Emerging\nStructural Parameter Influencing Particle Fate in Biological Media?","volume":"11","author":"Rabanel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27643-4","article-title":"The Need for\nImproved Methodology in Protein Corona Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090306592170200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10827","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00507D","article-title":"In Situ Characterization\nTechniques of Protein Corona around Nanomaterials","volume":"53","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026090306592170200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.04.023","article-title":"Characterizing\nthe Protein Corona of Sub-10 nm Nanoparticles","volume":"304","author":"Glancy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090306592170200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00066K","article-title":"Vascular\nBifurcation\nInfluences the Protein Corona Composition on Nanoparticles and Impacts\nTheir Cellular Uptake","volume":"4","author":"Conjeevaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"2026090306592170200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-026-02534-5","article-title":"Condensate Corona-Nanoparticle Complexes Transfer Functional\nBiomolecules\nbetween Cells","volume":"25","author":"Adumeau","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061318-115042","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Analysis of Nanoscale\nBiological Particles and Organelles","volume":"12","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual\nReview of Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090306592170200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104641","article-title":"Milk Extracellular\nVesicles: A Promising Oral Drug Delivery System for Intestinal Diseases","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"2026090306592170200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2025.106452","article-title":"Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles:\nTiny Messengers with Big Impacts on Human Health","volume":"172","author":"Zununi Vahed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306592170200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-025-00375-1","article-title":"Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Gut Health","volume":"9","author":"Muttiah","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ. Sci. 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