{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:52:23Z","timestamp":1789487543240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C2002869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C2002869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00397807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00397807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lee Youn Jae"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasmonic nanostructures enable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) through nanoscale hotspots, where electromagnetic fields are strongly confined. Both hotspot intensity and density are critical for enhancing SERS, yet their individual contributions to SERS performance have not been directly compared within a structurally consistent system. Herein, we present four plasmonic nanostructures comprising a cubic nanoframe (CNF) with an identical outer geometry but a distinct internal architecture: hollow, tetrahedron-embedded, porous, or tetrahedron-embedded\/porous to control hotspot intensity and density. Through single-particle and ensemble SERS measurements, we demonstrate that the tetrahedral solid core governs hotspot intensity while the porous domain controls hotspot density. Furthermore, hotspot intensity predominates SERS signal intensity at high analyte (2-naphthalenethiol) concentrations (10\u20134 to 10\u20138 M), whereas hotspot density becomes the critical determinant at low analyte concentrations (under 10\u20138 M). By preserving both characteristics, the tetrahedron-embedded porous CNF enabled superior peak resolution at high concentrations and reliable detection down to 10\u201315 M. This work demonstrates a reliable structure\u2013property framework for the rational design of plasmonic-sensing platforms with simultaneously optimized signal intensity and detection sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c10450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T01:03:56Z","timestamp":1788397436000},"page":"25017-25028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tetrahedron-Embedded\nPorous Cubic Nanoframes for Concurrent\nEngineering of Hotspot Intensity and Density"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kyuvin","family":"Hur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03722"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihoon","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03722"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , , ,","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03722"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0827-9280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Insub","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03722"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-3125","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sungho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03722"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510115056900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04224","article-title":"Present and Future of\nSurface-Enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"14","author":"Langer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026091510115056900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13794","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0687908","article-title":"Surface\nEnhanced Raman Scattering Enhancement Factors: A Comprehensive Study","volume":"111","author":"Le Ru","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026091510115056900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00238F","article-title":"Electromagnetic\ntheories of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"46","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091510115056900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.57.783","article-title":"Surface-enhanced\nspectroscopy","volume":"57","author":"Moskovits","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026091510115056900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43964","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c16529","article-title":"SSNet:\nA Spectral Unmixing Framework for Enhancing\nthe Qualitative Sensitivity of SERS to Trace Targets in Complex Mixtures","volume":"147","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510115056900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00617","article-title":"Chemical Sensing on a Single SERS\nParticle","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"issue":"5586","key":"2026091510115056900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1126\/science.297.5586.1536","article-title":"Nanoparticles\nwith Raman spectroscopic fingerprints\nfor DNA and RNA detection","volume":"297","author":"Cao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510115056900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32975-w","article-title":"Near-infrared\nII plasmonic porous cubic nanoshells for in vivo noninvasive\nSERS visualization of sub-millimeter microtumors","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510115056900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c09371","article-title":"Noninvasive and Point-of-Care Surface-Enhanced\nRaman Scattering (SERS)-Based Breathalyzer for Mass Screening of Coronavirus\nDisease 2019 (COVID-19) under 5 min","volume":"16","author":"Leong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510115056900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-009-9088-0","article-title":"Shape-Controlled Synthesis\nof Silver Nanoparticles for Plasmonic and Sensing Applications","volume":"4","author":"Cobley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091510115056900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b01401","article-title":"Size-Dependent\nSurface Enhanced Raman Scattering Activity of Plasmonic Nanorattles","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026091510115056900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.1039\/b905645a","article-title":"Investigation of\nparticle shape and size effects in\nSERS using T-matrix calculations","volume":"11","author":"Boyack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510115056900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/jp207661y","article-title":"Modeling the Effect of Small Gaps\nin Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"116","author":"McMahon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. C"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026091510115056900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC02779A","article-title":"Surface roughness boosts\nthe SERS performance of imprinted plasmonic architectures","volume":"4","author":"Macias","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. 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Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091510115056900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1021\/nn901826q","article-title":"Double-resonance\nplasmon substrates\nfor surface-enhanced Raman scattering with enhancement at excitation\nand stokes frequencies","volume":"4","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026091510115056900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14012","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c02099","article-title":"Open Cross-gap\nGold Nanocubes with Strong, Large-Area, Symmetric Electromagnetic\nField Enhancement for On-Particle Molecular-Fingerprint Raman Bioassays","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026091510115056900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1674","article-title":"Resolving the electromagnetic mechanism of\nsurface-enhanced light scattering at single hot spots","volume":"3","author":"Alonso-Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510115056900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2596","article-title":"Nanogap-engineerable\nRaman-active nanodumbbells for single-molecule detection","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510115056900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18849","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8054747","article-title":"Gold Nanostars For Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering:\nSynthesis, Characterization and Optimization","volume":"112","author":"Khoury","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510115056900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-010-9176-1","article-title":"Electromagnetic Enhancement Effect Caused by Aggregation\non SERS-Active Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Mock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026091510115056900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10903","DOI":"10.1021\/ja104174m","article-title":"Structure-activity\nrelationships in gold nanoparticle dimers and trimers for surface-enhanced\nRaman spectroscopy","volume":"132","author":"Wustholz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091510115056900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1021\/nl2030344","article-title":"A scheme for detecting every single\ntarget molecule with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Le Ru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"5887","key":"2026091510115056900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159499","article-title":"Measurement\nof the distribution of\nsite enhancements in surface-enhanced Raman scattering","volume":"321","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091510115056900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b00868","article-title":"Porous Au-Ag Nanospheres with High-Density and Highly\nAccessible Hotspots for SERS Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026091510115056900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13285","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c04514","article-title":"All-Hot-Spot Bulk Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering\n(SERS) Substrates:\nAttomolar Detection of Adsorbates with Designer Plasmonic Nanoparticles","volume":"144","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091510115056900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13457","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b01121","article-title":"Self-Assembly\nof Large Gold Nanoparticles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091510115056900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6b00986","article-title":"SERS of\nIndividual Nanoparticles on a Mirror: Size Does Matter, but so Does\nShape","volume":"7","author":"Benz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026091510115056900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2018.12.012","article-title":"Size\nand dimension dependent surface-enhanced Raman\nscattering properties of well-defined Ag nanocubes","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091510115056900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1021\/jp026731y","article-title":"The Optical\nProperties\nof Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric\nEnvironment","volume":"107","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026091510115056900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1021\/jp057170o","article-title":"Calculated Absorption\nand Scattering Properties of Gold Nanoparticles of Different Size,\nShape, and Composition: Applications in Biological Imaging and Biomedicine","volume":"110","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026091510115056900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27397","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c08315","article-title":"Au Octahedral Nanosponges:\n3D Plasmonic Nanolenses\nfor Near-Field Focusing","volume":"145","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510115056900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04339","article-title":"Quantitative\nSurface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis through 3D Superlattice\nArrays of Au Nanoframes with Attomolar Detection","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026091510115056900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.164779","article-title":"Solid-frame\nnanomixing strategy: assembling shape-distinct building blocks for\nsurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of gaseous molecules","volume":"519","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091510115056900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7656","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00734","article-title":"Octahedron\nin a Cubic Nanoframe: Strong Near-Field Focusing and Surface-Enhanced\nRaman Scattering","volume":"18","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510115056900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202508999","article-title":"Plasmonic Nanolenses with Tunable\nThickness: Enhanced Near-Field\nFocusing via Rim-Localized Light Absorption and Energy Transfer to\na Central Nanochannel","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091510115056900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9792","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17461","article-title":"Periodic Porous Alloyed Au-Ag Nanosphere\nArrays and Their Highly Sensitive SERS Performance with Good Reproducibility\nand High Density of Hotspots","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater.\nInterfaces"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026091510115056900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00897","article-title":"Colloidal Synthesis of Plasmonic Complex Metal Nanoparticles: Sequential\nExecution of Multiple Chemical Toolkits Increases Morphological Complexity","volume":"125","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026091510115056900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.1021\/ja801566d","article-title":"Epitaxial\ngrowth of heterogeneous\nmetal nanocrystals: from gold nano-octahedra to palladium and silver\nnanocubes","volume":"130","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026091510115056900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15113","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c05189","article-title":"Au Nanorings\nwith Intertwined Triple Rings","volume":"143","author":"Yoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem.\nSoc."},{"issue":"81","key":"2026091510115056900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10616","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC04026J","article-title":"Synthesis of morphology controlled PtAu@Ag nanorings through concentric\nand eccentric growth pathways","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026091510115056900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302820","article-title":"25th anniversary article:\ngalvanic replacement: a simple and versatile route to hollow nanostructures\nwith tunable and well-controlled properties","volume":"25","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026091510115056900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12291","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b06724","article-title":"How Ag Nanospheres Are Transformed\ninto AgAu Nanocages","volume":"139","author":"Moreau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026091510115056900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15466","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b03696","article-title":"Nanoplasmonic chitosan nanofibers\nas effective SERS substrate for detection of small molecules","volume":"7","author":"Severyukhina","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026091510115056900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201908154","article-title":"Towards Reliable\nand Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): From Key\nParameters to Good Analytical Practice","volume":"59","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091510115056900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00409","article-title":"Plasmonic Nanogap-Enhanced\nRaman Scattering with Nanoparticles","volume":"49","author":"Nam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acc. Chem.\nRes."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026091510115056900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10505","DOI":"10.1021\/la701445a","article-title":"Assembly of highly\nordered nanoparticle\nmonolayers at a water\/hexane interface","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091510115056900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202410296","article-title":"Gold Tetrahedral\nNanoframes with Mono-Rim or Dual-Rim Morphologies\nfor Enhanced Near-Field Focusing in SERS","volume":"21","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026091510115056900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.74127","article-title":"Enhanced Near-Field Focusing via Interior Cavity and Nanogap Coupling\nin Disk-Cavity-Trench Nanostructures","volume":"22","author":"Hur","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c10450","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/36\/25017\/67963513\/acsnano.6c10450.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/36\/25017\/67963513\/acsnano.6c10450.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:37:52Z","timestamp":1789483072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/36\/25017\/5381405\/Tetrahedron-Embedded-Porous-Cubic-Nanoframes-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c10450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}