{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:45:58Z","timestamp":1792784758397,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024C03080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C03080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["22305219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22305219"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection remains challenging due to its multifaceted antibiotic resistance mechanisms and biofilm-associated protection. Furthermore, inflammatory dysregulation within the infected microenvironment compromises both antibacterial efficacy and tissue repair. Therapeutic strategies capable of simultaneously eliminating pathogens and restoring microenvironmental homeostasis are therefore highly desirable. Herein, we report a bismuth-phenolic nanoparticle (BAQ NP) for synergistic antibacterial and immunomodulatory therapy of bacterial infections. BAQ NPs are synthesized via the self-assembly of phenylboronic acid-modified azithromycin (P-AZM), quercetin (Qu), and bismuth potassium citrate (BPC) through the formation of metal-phenolic networks and dynamic boronate ester linkages. BAQ NPs exhibit effective bacterial adhesion and enable pH-responsive release of bioactive components. Meanwhile, BAQ NPs disrupt bacterial iron homeostasis, suppress electron transport, restrict energy supply, and inhibit efflux pump function, thereby markedly potentiating the antibacterial efficacy of AZM. Concurrently, BAQ NPs promote macrophage polarization toward a reparative phenotype and alleviate inflammatory dysregulation, facilitating tissue recovery. The therapeutic efficacy of BAQ NPs was further demonstrated in murine pneumonia and diabetic infected wound models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c11397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:34:15Z","timestamp":1788431655000},"page":"25053-25068","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synchronous\nMetabolic Interference and Immune Reprogramming\nby a Self-Assembled Bismuth\u2013Phenolic Nanoparticle against\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    -Induced Infections"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Haojie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongcheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-1728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310016"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-4038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 310009"]},{"name":"Transvascular Implantation Devices Research Institute , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 310053"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-4111","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P.R. China, 310058"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 310009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance\nin 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01169-8","article-title":"The global\nresistance problem and the clinical antibacterial pipeline","volume":"23","author":"Theuretzbacher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial\nantimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with\nforecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: from the Natural\nenvironment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Hall-Stoodley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08054","article-title":"One-Stop Integrated Nanoagent for\nBacterial Biofilm Eradication and Wound Disinfection","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa:\npathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction\nwith host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12082","article-title":"Infection-responsive\npolysaccharide-based drug-loaded nano-assembly for dual-modal treatment\nagainst drug-resistant bacterial lung infection","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMEMater"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13022","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05557","article-title":"Bacterial Growth-Induced\nTobramycin Smart Release Self-Healing Hydrogel for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Infected\nBurn Wound Healing","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00682-4","article-title":"Tolerance\nand resistance of microbial biofilms","volume":"20","author":"Ciofu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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Commun."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.04.010","article-title":"Iron in Infection\nand Immunity","volume":"13","author":"Cassat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01807-6","article-title":"Bismuth-based\ndrugs sensitize Pseudomonas\naeruginosa to multiple antibiotics by disrupting iron homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Immunol."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12687","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04206","article-title":"Functional\nHydrogels as Wound Dressing to Enhance Wound\nHealing","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.09.017","article-title":"A microenvironment\nresponsive polyetheretherketone implant with antibacterial and osteoimmunomodulatory\nproperties facilitates osseointegration","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact.\nMater."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202100924","article-title":"Engineering\nBioactive M2Macrophage-Polarized Anti-Inflammatory,\nAntioxidant, and Antibacterial Scaffolds for Rapid Angiogenesis and\nDiabetic Wound Repair","volume":"31","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22055","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c05266","article-title":"Structurally\nOriented Carbon Dots as ROS Nanomodulators for Dynamic Chronic Inflammation\nand Infection Elimination","volume":"18","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202526857","article-title":"Endogenous Glucose\/pH\nDual-Responsive PEEK Implant With Cascade-Amplified\nAntibacterial and Osteogenic Activities for Infected Diabetic Bone\nDefects","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c09593","article-title":"Photothermal Hydrogel\nEncapsulating Intelligently Bacteria-Capturing Bio-MOF for Infectious\nWound Healing","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6674","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.4c00507","article-title":"Boronate Ester\nHydrogels for Biomedical Applications:\nChallenges and Opportunities","volume":"36","author":"Terriac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202109011","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Zn2+-Based Hybrid Nanoparticles\nas a New Paradigm for the Treatment of Internal Bacterial Infections","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2023.108312","article-title":"IR780\/Gemcitabine-conjugated metal-phenolic network enhanced photodynamic\ncancer therapy","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202101505","article-title":"Quercetin-Loaded\nCeria Nanocomposite Potentiate Dual-Directional Immunoregulation via\nMacrophage Polarization against Periodontal Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202513863","article-title":"Bimetal-Phenolic Framework\nto Combat Bacterial Infections via Synergistic Biofilm Dispersal,\nBacterial Killing and Immune Modulation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv.\nSci."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40830-9","article-title":"Janus nanoparticles\ntargeting extracellular\npolymeric substance achieve flexible elimination of drug-resistant\nbiofilms","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53410-2","article-title":"Synergistic wall digestion\nand cuproptosis against fungal infections using lywallzyme-induced\nself-assembly of metal-phenolic nanoflowers","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12232","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b21862","article-title":"Strongly\nEnhanced Antibacterial Action\nof Copper Oxide Nanoparticles with Boronic Acid Surface Functionality","volume":"11","author":"Halbus","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.10.043","article-title":"An inhalable gallium-polyphenol\nnanoparticle blocks\nbacterial electron transport chain and signal transduction for anti-biofilm\ntherapy","volume":"57","author":"Ni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0048-6","article-title":"Multidrug\nefflux pumps: structure,\nfunction and regulation","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64242-z","article-title":"Cu single-atom embedded\ng-C3N4 nanosheets rehabilitate multidrug-resistant bacteria infected\ndiabetic wounds via photoswitchable cascade reaction","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308910","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308910","article-title":"Inflammation-Targeted\nNanomedicines Alleviate Oxidative Stress and\nReprogram Macrophages Polarization for Myocardial Infarction Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026091510112752100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010067","article-title":"Regulatory Effects\nof Quercetin on M1\/M2Macrophage Polarization and Oxidative\/Antioxidative\nBalance","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c11397","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/36\/25053\/68106505\/acsnano.6c11397.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/36\/25053\/68106505\/acsnano.6c11397.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:49:27Z","timestamp":1789483767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/36\/25053\/5396262\/Synchronous-Metabolic-Interference-and-Immune"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c11397","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}