{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:47:44Z","timestamp":1791924464336,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-22-PEBA-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-PEBA-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supercapacitors are electrochemical energy-storage devices distinguished by rapid charge\u2013discharge and high power density. The observation of anomalously enhanced capacitance in nanoporous carbons challenged classical descriptions of double-layer charging and stimulated extensive in situ characterization and molecular modeling efforts. Yet the microscopic origin of this enhancement remains debated, with recent work questioning whether nanoscale confinement is the dominant factor and instead emphasizing the role of carbon disorder. Here we introduce a computational soft-templating protocol, powered by a machine-learning interatomic potential, to generate realistic disordered carbon architectures with controlled pore sizes. Using constant-potential molecular dynamics, we show that, at fixed structural disorder, capacitance increases as pore size decreases below 1 nm. These results reconcile earlier confinement-based interpretations with recent disorder-based views, providing a unified framework for charge storage in nanoporous carbons and design principles for next-generation supercapacitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c11953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:01:59Z","timestamp":1790604119000},"page":"27363-27371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soft-Templated Carbon\nModels Elucidate the Anomalous\nIncrease of Capacitance in Nanopores"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zacharie","family":"Waysenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Paris-Cite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"France-Lanord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muse\u0301um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-8268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrice","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRIMAT, Universite\u0301 de Toulouse, CNRS , ,","place":["Toulouse, France, 31062"]},{"name":"Re\u0301seau Sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l\u2019Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459 , ,","place":["Amiens, France, 80039"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1753-491X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Salanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Re\u0301seau Sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l\u2019Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459 , ,","place":["Amiens, France, 80039"]},{"name":"Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystemes Interfaciaux , , ,","place":["Paris, France, F-75005"]},{"name":"CNRS@CREATE , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 138601"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-2040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. Marco","family":"Saitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Paris-Cite\u0301 , , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75005"]},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , ,","place":["Paris, France, 75231"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01529-6","article-title":"Nanotechnology for electrochemical energy storage","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0747-z","article-title":"Perspectives for electrochemical\ncapacitors and related\ndevices","volume":"19","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132195","article-title":"Anomalous Increase\nin Carbon Capacitance at Pore Sizes\nLess Than 1 Nanometer","volume":"313","author":"Chmiola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29257-w","article-title":"Metrics and\nmethods for moving from research to innovation in energy storage","volume":"13","author":"Pohlmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01821-z","article-title":"Advanced characterization\nof confined electrochemical interfaces in electrochemical capacitors","volume":"20","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FD00048J","article-title":"Effects of structural disorder and\nsurface chemistry\non electric conductivity and capacitance of porous carbon electrodes","volume":"172","author":"Dyatkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2022.107258","article-title":"The effects\nof local graphitization on the charging mechanisms of microporous\ncarbon supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"137","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochem.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn6242","article-title":"Structural disorder determines capacitance\nin nanoporous carbons","volume":"384","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.70","article-title":"Efficient storage mechanisms\nfor building better supercapacitors","volume":"1","author":"Salanne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.11.033","article-title":"Modeling\nthe structural evolution\nof carbide-derived carbons using quenched molecular dynamics","volume":"48","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.1c03279","article-title":"Structure and Pore\nSize Distribution in Nanoporous Carbon","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem.\nMater."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5738","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MA00171K","article-title":"Structurally realistic carbide-derived carbon model\nin annealing molecular dynamics methodology with analytic bond-order\npotential","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1021\/nn901916m","article-title":"Nanoporous Carbon Supercapacitors in an Ionic Liquid:\nA Computer Simulation Study","volume":"4","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100126w","article-title":"Ion Distribution\nin Electrified Micropores and Its Role in the Anomalous Enhancement\nof Capacitance","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3701","article-title":"Highly confined ions\nstore charge more efficiently in supercapacitors","volume":"4","author":"Merlet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.215","article-title":"Quantification of ion\nconfinement and desolvation in nanoporous carbon\nsupercapacitors with modelling and in situ X-ray scattering","volume":"2","author":"Prehal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00728","article-title":"Theory\nand Simulations of Ionic Liquids in Nanoconfinement","volume":"123","author":"Kondrat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500169k","article-title":"Enhanced Electric\nDouble-Layer Capacitance by Desolvation of Lithium Ions in Confined\nNanospaces of Microporous Carbon","volume":"8","author":"Urita","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5012761","article-title":"Ion-ion correlations across and between\nelectrified\ngraphene layers","volume":"148","author":"Mendez-Morales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b01623","article-title":"Feeling Your Neighbors across the\nWalls: How Interpore Ionic Interactions Affect Capacitive Energy Storage","volume":"10","author":"Kondrat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit42","unstructured":"Padua, A.; Goloviznina, K.; Gong, Z.\n          agiliopadua\/fftool:\nXML force\nfield files.\n          2021\n          10.5281\/zenodo.4701065."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11225","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9621760","article-title":"Development\nand Testing of the OPLS\nAll-Atom Force Field on Conformational Energetics and Properties of\nOrganic Liquids","volume":"118","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026101316124911000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0362133","article-title":"Modeling\nIonic Liquids Using a Systematic All-Atom Force Field","volume":"108","author":"Canongia Lopes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Phys."}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c11953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/40\/27363\/68677748\/acsnano.6c11953.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/40\/27363\/68677748\/acsnano.6c11953.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:12:59Z","timestamp":1791922379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/40\/27363\/5440033\/Soft-Templated-Carbon-Models-Elucidate-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c11953","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.15003293\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}