{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:46:52Z","timestamp":1792784812847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M690123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M690123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024T170714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024T170714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001082","name":"Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TC-22-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TC-22-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006770","name":"American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["65212-ND10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["65212-ND10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xxj032025039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xxj032025039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024JC-TBZC-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-TBZC-02"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52107233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52107233"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52201278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52201278"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52433002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52433002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province","award":["QCYRCXM-2022-126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QCYRCXM-2022-126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quasi-solid-state sodium\u2013sulfur (Na\u2013S) batteries are widely regarded as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their higher energy density and enhanced safety over traditional liquid-electrolyte counterparts. However, electrolyte solidification restricts ion transport within the sulfur cathode, leading to poor sulfur utilization and exacerbating sluggish sodium polysulfide (NaPS) conversion kinetics. Current cathode designs mitigate this challenge by introducing a high proportion of conductive additives to expand the sulfur\u2013carbon-electrolyte triple-phase interfaces (TPIs), which inevitably sacrifices the practical energy density of the battery. This challenge becomes more severe under practical conditions of high sulfur contents (50 wt %), where both ionic and electronic pathways are simultaneously obstructed. Here, we develop a presodiated TiO2 (NaxTiO2) electrocatalyst possessing ion-electron dual-conductive characteristics via an electrochemical ion-intercalation approach. The introduction of NaxTiO2 extends the active surface beyond conventional TPIs, enabling rapid catalytic conversion of NaPSs directly at the sulfur-NaxTiO2 dual-phase interfaces (DPIs). Mechanistic studies show that Na intercalation modulates the local Ti\u2013O coordination environment and the Ti 3d-O 2p electronic structure, which significantly improves the electronic conductivity and interfacial Na+ transfer kinetics of TiO2 while reducing the energy barrier for the rate-determining Na2S2-to-Na2S step in NaPS conversion. Consequently, an ultrahigh sulfur utilization exceeding 80% is achieved in a high-sulfur-content cathode (70 wt %), delivering a high initial specific capacity of 1391.2 mAh g\u20131 alongside robust cyclability over 500 cycles. The assembled practical pouch cell achieves an impressive energy density of 372 Wh kg\u20131. This work offers valuable insights into developing high-energy-density solid-state Na\u2013S batteries for practical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c12130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:32Z","timestamp":1788452492000},"page":"25124-25137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanding\nCatalytic\nActive Surface via Dual-Phase\nInterfaces for High-Energy-Density Quasi-Solid-State Na\u2013S Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-3336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China, 710049"]},{"name":"Dartmouth College , , 14 Engineering Drive , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sicong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego , , 9500 Gilman Drive , , ,","place":["La Jolla, California, United States, 92093-0448"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3531-2955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College , , 14 Engineering Drive , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-0636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kesong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego , , 9500 Gilman Drive , , ,","place":["La Jolla, California, United States, 92093-0448"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-0973","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shujiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-2776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, People\u2019s Republic of China, 710049"]},{"name":"Dartmouth College , , 14 Engineering Drive , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-415X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College , , 14 Engineering Drive , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026091510111320100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0165-5","article-title":"Designing solid-state\nelectrolytes for safe, energy-dense batteries","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Mater."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026091510111320100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22672","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202107648","article-title":"Insights into\nthe Ionic Conduction Mechanism of Quasi-Solid Polymer Electrolytes\nthrough Multispectral Characterization","volume":"60","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. 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Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510111320100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-02057-x","article-title":"Overcoming\nthe conversion reaction limitation at three-phase\ninterfaces using mixed conductors towards energy-dense solid-state\nLi-S batteries","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091510111320100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.72513","article-title":"High-Valence-Cation-Induced\nLattice Expansion for Activating Li2S Cathode in All-Solid-State\nLithium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091510111320100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2025.100395","article-title":"Scalable\nultrathin solid electrolyte from recycled Antheraea pernyi\nsilk with regulated ion transport for solid-state Li-S batteries","volume":"5","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"eScience"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026091510111320100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE01750A","article-title":"Confined tandem catalytic\nquasi-solid sulfur reversible conversion\nfor all-solid-state Na-S batteries","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Environ.\nSci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091510111320100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15734","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08581","article-title":"Understanding\nthe Catalytic Kinetics of Polysulfide Redox Reactions\non Transition Metal Compounds in Li-S Batteries","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510111320100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42383-3","article-title":"Intercalation-type\ncatalyst for non-aqueous room temperature\nsodium-sulfur batteries","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091510111320100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201728","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201728","article-title":"Polar Electrocatalysts\nfor Preventing Polysulfide Migration and Accelerating Redox Kinetics\nin Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091510111320100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204930","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204930","article-title":"Unraveling Polysulfide\u2019s\nAdsorption and Electrocatalytic Conversion on Metal Oxides for Li-S\nBatteries","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510111320100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47628-3","article-title":"Understanding the charge\ntransfer effects of single atoms for boosting the performance of Na-S\nbatteries","volume":"15","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026091510111320100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18865","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c05209","article-title":"High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur\nBatteries via Molecular Complexation","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026091510111320100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100332","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202100332","article-title":"Defect Engineering\nfor Expediting Li-S Chemistry: Strategies, Mechanisms, and Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026091510111320100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501603","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202501603","article-title":"Electronic Structure Engineering\nin Electrocatalysts: Enabling Regulated Redox Mediation for Advanced\nLithium-Sulfur Chemistry","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026091510111320100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15632","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c04780","article-title":"Metallic 1T\nNaxMoS2 as Sulfur Host for Room Temperature\nNa-S Batteries","volume":"20","author":"Gray","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091510111320100_cit25","article-title":"Tandem Catalysis in Sulfur Conversion: From General Catalytic Promotion\nto Stepwise Reaction Regulation","author":"Shichao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. China\nMater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091510111320100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8939","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16941","article-title":"Mapping Polysulfides in Sodium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"19","author":"Gray","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091510111320100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.024.202303640","article-title":"Atomic Manganese Manipulating Polysulfide Speciation Pathway for\nRoom-Temperature Na-S Batteries","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510111320100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401142","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201401142","article-title":"Unfolding\nthe Mechanism of Sodium\nInsertion in Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510111320100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1021\/nl402747x","article-title":"Anatase Titania Nanorods as an Intercalation\nAnode Material for Rechargeable Sodium Batteries","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091510111320100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.01.069","article-title":"Visible-light\nphotocatalytic activity\nof nitrogen-doped TiO2 thin film prepared by pulsed laser\ndeposition","volume":"254","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026091510111320100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802099","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201802099","article-title":"Engineering\nSolid Electrolyte Interphase for Pseudocapacitive Anatase TiO2 Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv.\nFunct. Mater."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026091510111320100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20005","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA05852G","article-title":"Influence of crystal\nphase on TiO2 nanowire\nanodes in sodium ion batteries","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem.\nA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091510111320100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202217009","article-title":"Bidirectional\nTandem Electrocatalysis Manipulated Sulfur Speciation Pathway for\nHigh-Capacity and Stable Na-S Battery","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026091510111320100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202404816","article-title":"Amorphous FeSnOx Nanosheets with Hierarchical Vacancies\nfor Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026091510111320100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108353","article-title":"Precisely optimizing polysulfides adsorption and conversion\nby local coordination engineering for high-performance Li-S batteries","volume":"110","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026091510111320100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201403257","article-title":"Ambient Temperature\nSodium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"11","author":"Manthiram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091510111320100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b04588","article-title":"Performance\nEnhancement and Mechanistic Studies of\nRoom-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with a Carbon-Coated Functional\nNafion Separator and a Na2S\/Activated Carbon Nanofiber\nCathode","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091510111320100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701991","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701991","article-title":"Sodium-Sulfur Flow Battery for Low-Cost\nElectrical Storage","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091510111320100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803251","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201803251","article-title":"Frogspawn-Coral-Like\nHollow Sodium Sulfide Nanostructured Cathode for High-Rate Performance\nSodium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091510111320100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903245","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201903245","article-title":"Sodium Sulfide\nCathodes Superseding Hard Carbon Pre-sodiation for the Production\nand Operation of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries at Room Temperature","volume":"10","author":"Bloi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091510111320100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54316-9","article-title":"Design towards recyclable micron-sized Na2S cathode with\nself-refinement mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026091510111320100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803774","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201803774","article-title":"High-Fluorinated\nElectrolytes for Li\u2013S Batteries","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv.\nEnergy Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091510111320100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.201800170","article-title":"An Electrospun\nNanofiber\nMembrane as Gel-Based Electrolyte for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur\nBatteries","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026091510111320100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10168","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201805008","article-title":"A Stable\nQuasi-Solid-State Sodium-Sulfur Battery","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510111320100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2019.03.008","article-title":"Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with a Polymer-Coated NASICON-type\nSodium-Ion Solid Electrolyte","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matter"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091510111320100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2020.100015","article-title":"Facile-Processed\nNanocarbon-Promoted\nSulfur Cathode for Highly Stable Sodium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"2026091510111320100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2021.06.026","article-title":"Enabling\nstable sodium metal cycling by sodiophilic interphase in\na polymer electrolyte system","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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