{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:46:53Z","timestamp":1792784813111,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LMS26B070002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS26B070002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"General Medical Science and Technology Development Project of Nanjing","award":["YKK22215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKK22215"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["22376097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376097"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42207478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207478"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nanotitanium dioxide (nTiO2) is widely used as a food additive, leading to chronic dietary exposure and rising health concerns. Although adverse effects on the liver and gut microbiota have been individually investigated, whether gut microbiota mediates nTiO2-induced liver injury remains unclear, especially given the well-established role of the gut\u2013liver axis in hepatic physiology and pathology. Herein, we explored the long-term hepatotoxic effects of oral nTiO2 in mice and the underlying mechanisms through the lens of gut\u2013liver axis crosstalk. Our results showed that chronic exposure to nTiO2 induced dose-dependent liver injury and the disorder of the gut microbiota. Spearman correlation analysis suggested the reduced abundance of beneficial taxa, notably g_Lactobacillus and g_Bacteroides, was strongly associated with elevated intestinal inflammation markers, impaired liver function indicators, and altered hepatic metabolite profiles. Fecal microbiota transplantation demonstrated that nTiO2-perturbed microbiota directly caused liver injury, while colonization with Lactobacillus intestinalis reversed this toxic phenotype, confirming the important role of gut microbiota in the liver injury mediated by nTiO2. More importantly, we found the administration of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), one of the Lactobacillus-derived indole compounds, restored microbiota homeostasis and alleviated liver toxicity. Mechanistically, IPA increased the expression of MERTK receptor in Kupffer cells, enhancing their phagocytic capacity to redirect nTiO2 accumulation from hepatocytes to Kupffer cells, thereby reducing hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. Collectively, these findings establish gut microbiota as a critical mediator of nTiO2-induced liver injury, highlight the hepatoprotective role of microbiota-derived IPA, and provide effective strategies for risk intervention against foodborne nanomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c12176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1789934507000},"page":"26766-26784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut Microbiota-Derived\nIndole-3-propionic Acid Attenuates\nTitanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Liver Injury by Targeting Kupffer\nCells via the Gut\u2013Liver Axis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Qixia District Hospital , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210046"]},{"name":"Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Qixia District Hospital , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210046"]},{"name":"Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210046"]},{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westlake University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pow-Seng","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor\u2019s University , , , ,","place":["Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, 47500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-7296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310018"]},{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangshun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5","article-title":"Ultra-Processed\nFoods and Food Additives in Gut Health and Disease","volume":"21","author":"Whelan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00057","article-title":"Impact of the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide\n(E171) on Gut Microbiota-Host Interaction","volume":"6","author":"Pinget","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front.\nNutr."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60248-9","article-title":"Immunocompetent Cell Targeting by Food-Additive\nTitanium Dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Wills","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2022.100837","article-title":"Development and Characterization\nof Potato Starch\/Lactucin\/Nano-TiO2 Food Packaging for\nSustained Prevention of Mealworms","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food. Packag.\nShelf. Life."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2022.100435","article-title":"Characterization\nof Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Confectionary Products and Estimation\nof Dietary Exposure Level among the Chinese Population","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Impact"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18227","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c17838","article-title":"High-Resolution Correlative\nMicroscopy Approach for\nNanobio Interface Studies of Nanoparticle-Induced Lung Epithelial\nCell Damage","volume":"19","author":"Podlipec","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202001858","article-title":"Foodborne\nTitanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Stronger Adverse Effects in\nObese Mice than Non-Obese Mice: Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Colonic\nInflammation, and Proteome Alterations","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105611","article-title":"Common Mechanisms\nActivated in the Tissues of Aquatic and Terrestrial Animal Models\nafter TiO2 Nanoparticles Exposure","volume":"138","author":"Bobori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12101","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO04355C","article-title":"A Glutenin Protein Corona Ameliorated TiO2 Nanoparticle-Induced\nGut Barrier Dysfunction and Altered the Gut Microbiota Composition","volume":"15","author":"Mi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-020-3210-1","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Titanium Dioxide\nNanoparticles Promotes Diet-Induced Obesity through Exacerbating Intestinal\nMucus Layer Damage and Microbiota Dysbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115457","article-title":"Key Toxic Pathways of Hepatotoxicity\nInduced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles through Multi-Omics Analysis","volume":"201","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2025.117425","article-title":"Ghrelin Relieves the Reproductive Damage of TiO2 NPs in Young Male Rats via ROS\/AMPK\/mTOR Signaling Pathway","volume":"502","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115504","article-title":"Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Disturb Glucose Homeostasis\nin Association with Impaired Enteroendocrine Cell Differentiation","volume":"202","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164076","article-title":"Chronic Exposure\nto Titanium Dioxide\nNanoparticles Induces Deficits of Locomotor Behavior by Disrupting\nthe Development of NMJ in Drosophila","volume":"888","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2025.100554","article-title":"Absolute Quantitative\nLipidomics Reveals the Disturbance of Lipid\nMetabolism Induced by Oral Exposure of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Impact"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508096","article-title":"Oral Exposure\nto Food-Grade Nanoparticles Poses a Risk\nof Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Like Symptoms by Triggering Autophagy\nDefects in Neurons","volume":"13","author":"Shang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01736-2","article-title":"Chitosan Attenuates Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles\nInduced Hepatic and Renal Toxicities","volume":"15","author":"Halawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39423-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Can Be\nPromoted\nby Orally Administered Inorganic Nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13044","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02403","article-title":"Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Transport\nacross Intestinal Tissue: An Oral Delivery Perspective","volume":"17","author":"Ejazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201907665","article-title":"The Nano-Intestine Interaction: Understanding\nthe Location-Oriented Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Intestine","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.137006","article-title":"Laboratory-Simulated Marine Heatwave\nEnhances Physiological Damage to Mussels Exposed to Titanium Dioxide\nNanoparticles by Disrupting the Gut-Hepatopancreas Axis","volume":"486","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c00136","article-title":"Vitamin A-Integrated\nCinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion: A Nanotherapeutic Approach to Counteract\nLiver Fibrosis via Gut-Liver Axis Modulation","volume":"19","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00904-3","article-title":"The Gut-Liver\nAxis and Gut Microbiota in Health and\nLiver Disease","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11600","article-title":"Assessment\nof Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms and Gut-Liver Axis Status\nin Zebrafish after Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics and Oxytetracycline,\nAlone and in Combination","volume":"131","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.01.008","article-title":"Theabrownin Inhibits Obesity and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\nin Mice via Serotonin-Related Signaling Pathways and Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2331460","article-title":"Breaking\nthe Barriers: The Role of\nGut Homeostasis in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)","volume":"16","author":"Benede\u0301-Ubieto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41074-3","article-title":"The Interplay between\nDietary Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota Influences Host Metabolism\nand Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"14","author":"Schoeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34671-1","article-title":"Disulfiram Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Modulating\nthe Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01890-9","article-title":"Gut-Liver Translocation\nof Pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae Promotes\nHepatocellular Carcinoma\nin Mice","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58407-z","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus Potentiates\nOncolytic\nVirotherapy through Modulating Gut Microbiota Homeostasis in Hepatocellular\nCarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00399-x","article-title":"The Combined\nEffect\nof Food Additive Titanium Dioxide and Lipopolysaccharide on Mouse\nIntestinal Barrier Function after Chronic Exposure of Titanium Dioxide-Contained\nFeedstuffs","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR10947A","article-title":"Effect of\nOral Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Lipid Metabolism\nin Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163769","article-title":"Oxygen Vacancies and\nLi+ Pre-Embedding for Magnesium Storage\nin Anatase TiO2 toward Magnesium\/Lithium Hybrid Batteries","volume":"515","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03525","article-title":"DFT-Guided Design of\nDual Dopants\nin Anatase TiO2 for Boosted Sodium Storage","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Let."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01805","article-title":"Uptake Route\nAltered the Bioavailability of Graphene in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus: Comparing Waterborne and Sediment Exposures","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19233","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c01639","article-title":"Trehalose Acts as a Mediator: Imbalance in Brain Proteostasis Induced\nby Polystyrene Nanoplastics via Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis during Early\nLife","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00484-9","article-title":"Landscape\nof Lipidomic Metabolites in Gut-Liver Axis of Sprague-Dawley Rats\nafter Oral Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22398","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07580A","article-title":"Effects of Oral Exposure\nto Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Gut Microbiota and Gut-Associated\nMetabolism in Vivo","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121795","article-title":"Dysregulation\nalong the Gut Microbiota-Immune\nSystem Axis after Oral Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles:\nA Possible Environmental Factor Promoting Obesity-Related Metabolic\nDisorders","volume":"330","author":"Lamas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14010","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18280","article-title":"Dual-Targeted\nNanoparticles Hitchhiking on Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bacterial Ghosts to Alleviate Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01896-9","article-title":"Bacteroides uniformis Degrades \u03b2-Glucan to Promote Lactobacillus johnsonii Improving Indole-3-Lactic Acid Levels\nin Alleviating Colitis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119402","article-title":"The Toxic Effects of\nTetracycline\nExposure on the Physiological Homeostasis of the Gut-Liver Axis in\nGrouper","volume":"258","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029935","article-title":"Changes in Intestinal\nMicrobiota of HBV-Associated Liver Cirrhosis\nwith\/without Hepatic Encephalopathy","volume":"101","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47868-3","article-title":"Tryptophan\nFuels MYC-dependent Liver Tumorigenesis\nthrough Indole 3-pyruvate Synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01430-7","article-title":"Chronic Stress Drives\nLiver Cancer by Impairing the Hepatic Kynurenine\nPathway and IMMUNE SURVEILlance","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02172-0","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Attenuate Gossypol-Induced Hepatic Lipotoxicity\nby Altering Intestinal Microbiota for Enriching Microbial Tryptophan\nMetabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100609074517800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.004","article-title":"Tryptophan\nMetabolism in Health and Fisease","volume":"35","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adu7686","article-title":"Commensal-Driven Serotonin Production Modulates in vivo Delivery of Synthetic and Viral Vectors","volume":"391","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26170","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c07686","article-title":"Copper Telluride@Sodium\nAlginate-Poly (vinyl Alcohol)\nNanofiber\/Gauze Wound Dressing for Gram-Negative Bacteria-Infected\nWounds","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8551","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00906","article-title":"A Multifunctional Nanoparticle Mitigating\nCytokine Storm by Scavenging\nMultiple Inflammatory Mediators of Sepsis","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2307568","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Indole Compounds Attenuate Metabolic\nDysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease by Improving Fat Metabolism\nand Inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2496437","article-title":"Gut Microbiota\nRegulates Hepatic Ketogenesis and Lipid Accumulation in Ketogenic\nDiet-Induced Hyperketonemia by Disrupting Bile Acid Metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2467235","article-title":"Microbiota-Derived\nIPA Alleviates Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation through Upregulating\nTh1\/Th17 Cell Apoptosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07372-6","article-title":"Periportal\nMacrophages Protect against Commensal-Driven\nLiver Inflammation","volume":"629","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived\nMetabolites as Key Actors in Inflammatory\nBowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100609074517800_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI189607","article-title":"Hepcidin Sustains Kupffer\nCell Immune Defense against\nBloodstream Bacterial Infection via Gut-Derived Metabolites in Mice","volume":"135","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202512508","article-title":"Efferocytosis-Driven Polyamine Metabolism in Macrophages\nEnhances Cancer Stem Cell Enrichment after Chemotherapy in Ovarian\nCancer","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202502801","article-title":"Biomimetic\nNanomedicines Deliver Naringin for Enhanced Acute Liver Failure Therapy via Balanced Regulation of Hepatocyte Oxidative Stress and\nKupffer Cell Inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026100609074517800_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07452","article-title":"Kupffer Cells Degrade 14C-Labeled Few-Layer Graphene to 14CO2 in Liver through Erythrophagocytosis","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c12176","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/39\/26766\/68567647\/acsnano.6c12176.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/39\/26766\/68567647\/acsnano.6c12176.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:29:19Z","timestamp":1791293359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/39\/26766\/5433496\/Gut-Microbiota-Derived-Indole-3-propionic-Acid"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c12176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]}}}