{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:46:52Z","timestamp":1792784812537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3608900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3608900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 52303325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 52303325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 52573283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 52573283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 62288102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 62288102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"TCL Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["5206260003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5206260003"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["JYB2025XDXM406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYB2025XDXM406"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03m01yf64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies (Sun Yat-sen University) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The performance of perovskite X-ray detectors is limited by the stability-sensitivity trade-off. Although 2D\/3D heterostructures provide a promising route, fabricating single-crystalline interfaces with minimal defects remains challenging. Here, we develop a seed-mediated in situ directional epitaxy strategy to grow large-area, oriented (PEA)2PbBr4\/MAPbBr3 heterocrystals (HE-PPB-MPB) with highly sharp interfaces. Soft lattice matching combined with a patterned PDMS stamp guides van der Waals epitaxy of a uniform 2D layer on 3D perovskite, suppressing interfacial defects and random nucleation. The heterocrystals show an ultralow trap density of 3.02 \u00d7 109 cm\u20133 and anisotropic charge transport, achieving a mobility-lifetime product of 8.94 \u00d7 10\u20133 cm2 V\u20131 and resistivity of 4.58 \u00d7 109 \u03a9 cm along [100]. Configured as an asymmetric p\u2013i\u2013n photodiode, the detector attains a high sensitivity of 21,654 \u03bcC Gyair\u20131 cm\u20132 and an ultralow dark-current drift of 2.28 \u00d7 10\u20134 pA cm\u20131 s\u20131 V\u20131\u2500two orders lower than conventional 3D devices. It also delivers a low detection limit of 26.7 nGyair s\u20131, withstands 0.408 Gyair without degradation, and enables high-resolution low-dose X-ray imaging. This work establishes a potentially generalized crystal-growth paradigm for advanced radiation sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c12247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1791198129000},"page":"27908-27919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In\nSitu Directional Growth of 2D\/3D Perovskite Hetero-Crystals\nfor Highly Sensitive and Stable X-ray Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9567-4347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yue","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University , , 127 West Youyi Road , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Normal University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, P. R. China, 710119"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9512-0405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Normal University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, P. R. China, 710119"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-5013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University , , 127 West Youyi Road , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.41","article-title":"Sensitive X-Ray Detectors\nMade of Methylammonium Lead Tribromide Perovskite Single Crystals","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0451-1","article-title":"All-Inorganic\nPerovskite Nanocrystal Scintillators","volume":"561","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08981-w","article-title":"Halide Lead Perovskites for Ionizing\nRadiation Detection","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400783","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400783","article-title":"One-Click Restart Recycling of Metal-Free Perovskite\nX-Ray Detectors","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01482-3","article-title":"Anti-Perovskites\nwith Long Carrier Lifetime for Ultralow Dose and Stable X-Ray Detection","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24032","article-title":"Printable\nOrganometallic Perovskite Enables Large-Area, Low-Dose X-Ray Imaging","volume":"550","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5958243","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/5958243","article-title":"Atomistic Surface Passivation\nof\nCH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals for Highly Sensitive Coplanar-Structure\nX-Ray Detectors","volume":"2020","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21934-6","article-title":"Ligand Assisted Growth\nof Perovskite Single Crystals with Low Defect Density","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-021-00644-3","article-title":"High-Sensitivity\nHigh-Resolution X-Ray Imaging with Soft-Sintered Metal Halide Perovskites","volume":"4","author":"Deumel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006010","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202006010","article-title":"Triple-Cation and Mixed-Halide\nPerovskite Single Crystal for High-Performance X-ray Imaging","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01207-y","article-title":"Stable\nPerovskite Single-Crystal X-Ray Imaging Detectors with Single-Photon\nSensitivity","volume":"17","author":"Sakhatskyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Energy Chem."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16034-w","article-title":"Nucleation-Controlled\nGrowth of Superior Lead-Free Perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 Single-Crystals for High-Performance X-Ray Detection","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.04.017","article-title":"Inch-Size 0D-Structured Lead-Free\nPerovskite Single Crystals for Highly Sensitive Stable X-Ray Imaging","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0466-7","article-title":"Highly Sensitive X-Ray\nDetector Made of Layered Perovskite-Like (NH4)3Bi2I9 Single Crystal with Anisotropic Response","volume":"13","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308242","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308242","article-title":"Dimensionality Engineering\nof Organic\u2013Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Next-Generation\nX-Ray Detector","volume":"20","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07159","article-title":"Fermi Level\nPinning at Electrical Metal Contacts of Monolayer Molybdenum Dichalcogenides","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16042","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.42","article-title":"Van der Waals heterostructures\nand devices","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b00442","article-title":"Suppressed\nIon Migration in Low-Dimensional Perovskites","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.02.004","article-title":"High Members\nof the 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Halide Perovskites: Synthesis, Optical\nProperties, and Solar Cells of (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)4Pb5I16","volume":"2","author":"Stoumpos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104880","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104880","article-title":"3D\/2D Perovskite\nSingle Crystals Heterojunction for Suppressed Ions Migration in Hard\nX-Ray Detection","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201436","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202201436","article-title":"Recent Progress on\nHeterojunction Engineering in Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10000","article-title":"Distinct Carrier Transport Properties\nAcross Horizontally vs Vertically Oriented Heterostructures of 2D\/3D\nPerovskites","volume":"143","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0298-5","article-title":"Ultrafast Dynamics in Van Der Waals Heterostructures","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-022-01311-4","article-title":"Room-Temperature Epitaxial Welding of 3D and 2D Perovskites","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-0678-x","article-title":"Perovskite-Filled\nMembranes for Flexible and Large-Area\nDirect-Conversion X-Ray Detector Arrays","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat.\nPhotonics"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c00590","article-title":"Epitaxial\nWelding of 3D and 2D Perovskite Single Crystals for Direct-Indirect\nEnergy-Conversion X-ray Detection and Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003790","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003790","article-title":"Sensitive and Stable\n2D Perovskite Single-Crystal X-ray\nDetectors Enabled by a Supramolecular Anchor","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c02152","article-title":"Flexible Large-Scale\nSelf-Driven Perovskite X-ray Detector by Precise Heterogeneous Integration","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17834","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201911281","article-title":"A-site Cation Engineering for Highly\nEfficient MAPbI3 Single-Crystal\nX-ray Detector","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2011.07.008","article-title":"Use of Active\nPersonal Dosemeters in Interventional Radiology and Cardiology: Tests\nin Laboratory Conditions and Recommendations - ORAMED Project","volume":"46","author":"Clairand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-017-0012-4","article-title":"Cs2AgBiBr6 Single-Crystal X-Ray Detectors with\nA Low Detection Limit","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305513","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202305513","article-title":"Heterointerface\nDesign of Perovskite Single Crystals for High-Performance X-Ray Imaging","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1740336","article-title":"Heterogeneous\nNucleation of Crystals\nfrom Vapor","volume":"22","author":"Pound","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07440-2","article-title":"Multi-Inch Single-Crystalline Perovskite\nMembrane for High-Detectivity Flexible Photosensors","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102008161409300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57846","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c13614","article-title":"Interface-Tension-Assisted\nTemperature-Gradient Crystallization of High-Quality MAPbBr3 Perovskite Single Crystals with Low Defect Densities","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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