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This challenge is particularly evident for hydraulic fracturing proppants, where low density favors suspension and long-distance transport, whereas high crush resistance is required to preserve fracture conductivity under elevated closure stresses. Here, a flash surface-engineering strategy is reported to convert waste-derived cenospheres into lightweight, mechanically reinforced particles through ultrafast electrothermal processing. Transient flash heating induces spatially confined carbothermal conversion, forming a conformal silicon carbide (SiC)-reinforced shell while preserving the hollow architecture. Incorporation of a polymer-assisted carbon precursor promotes uniform interfacial contact and continuous SiC shell growth under flash conditions. The resulting particles exhibit a \u223c55% decrease in crush ratio, from 19.5% to 8.8% at 27.6 MPa, while retaining transport and packed-bed flow characteristics comparable to those of conventional sand-based proppants. The transient and diffusion-limited reaction confines reinforcement to the particle surface without bulk densification, thereby mitigating the conventional trade-off between low density and mechanical robustness. Together, these results demonstrate that surface-confined SiC conversion can mechanically reinforce waste-derived hollow particles while retaining their low density and application-relevant transport characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6c14926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:02:02Z","timestamp":1789592522000},"page":"26326-26336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flash Surface-Engineered\nFloating Proppants with Decoupled\nDensity and Strength"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5865-0685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5839-5453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxin Leo","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-8298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Abdel Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-4607","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8479-9328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James M.","family":"Tour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(17)30077-0","article-title":"Progress and\nDevelopment Trend of Unconventional Oil and Gas Geological Research","volume":"44","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Petrol. Explor. Dev."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12386","DOI":"10.1021\/es502506v","article-title":"Comparison\nof Water Use for Hydraulic\nFracturing for Unconventional Oil and Gas Versus Conventional Oil","volume":"48","author":"Scanlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2012.04.001","article-title":"Hydraulic\nFractures: How Far Can They Go?","volume":"37","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Petrol.\nGeol."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2015.11.001","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nReview on Proppant Technologies","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2006.08.010","article-title":"The Effect\nof Proppant Embedment Upon the Long-Term Conductivity of Fractures","volume":"55","author":"Wen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.108871","article-title":"Recent\nProgress\non Proppant Laboratory Testing Method: Characterisation, Conductivity,\nTransportation, and Erosivity","volume":"205","author":"Ramlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci.\nEng."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b00216","article-title":"Environmental Impacts\nof Replacing Slickwater with Low\/No-Water Fracturing Fluids for Shale\nGas Recovery","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14092462","article-title":"Settling of Spherical\nParticles in High Viscosity Friction Reducer\nFracture Fluids","volume":"14","author":"Biheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c03816","article-title":"Review and\nPerspectives of Coated\nProppant Technology","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s12182-021-00559-w","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nReview of Ultralow-Weight Proppant\nTechnology","volume":"18","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pet. 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Powder Mater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.12.208","article-title":"Synthesis,\nProperties, and Multifarious Applications of SiC Nanoparticles: A\nReview","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202515938","article-title":"Non-Equilibrium\nCarbothermal Shock Upcycling: Atomically Precise\nSynthesis of Tailored SiC Polytypes and Novel Hybrid Graphene from\nComplex Composites","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.08.102","article-title":"Hardness and Mechanical Anisotropy of Hexagonal SiC\nSingle Crystal Polytypes","volume":"770","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2003.09.036","article-title":"Dynamic Strength\nand Fragmentation of Hot-Pressed Silicon\nCarbide under Uniaxial Compression","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2026.102664","article-title":"Fluorine-Assisted Flash\nJoule Heating Synthesis for\nMorphology Controllable Carbide Materials","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121848119","article-title":"A General Method for\nRapid Synthesis of Refractory\nCarbides by Low-Pressure Carbothermal Shock Reduction","volume":"119","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200400371","article-title":"Synthesis of SiC Ceramics by the\nCarbothermal Reduction of Mineralized Wood with Silica","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200500643","article-title":"Highly Ordered Mesoporous\nSilicon Carbide Ceramics with Large Surface Areas and High Stability","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1938-0","article-title":"Gram-Scale Bottom-up Flash Graphene Synthesis","volume":"577","author":"Luong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38942","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c07134","article-title":"Nanodiamond\nSynthesis from Coal Via Flash Joule Heating","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12332","article-title":"Ultra-Fast Self-Assembly\nand Stabilization of Reactive\nNanoparticles in Reduced Graphene Oxide Films","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04568-6","article-title":"Programmable Heating\nand Quenching for Efficient Thermochemical Synthesis","volume":"605","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.70119","article-title":"Review of Flash Joule\nHeating for the Synthesis of Graphene and Other\nFunctional Carbon Materials","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnl2.70135","article-title":"High Value Utilization of Waste Biomass Carbon for\nRapid CO2 Electroreduction and Stable Sodium-Ion Storage","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbon Neutralization"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50324-x","article-title":"Nondestructive\nFlash Cathode Recycling","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70616-8","article-title":"Flash Joule Heating-Induced\nSpinel-Phase Surface in Ni-Rich Layered\nOxide Positive Electrodes to Stabilise Lattice Oxygen","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c17921","article-title":"Green Upcycling Strategy for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries:\nOne-Step\nCoupling of Fluoridation Inhibition and Lattice Stabilization","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2118\/84308-PA","article-title":"High Strength,\nUltralightweight Proppant Lends New Dimensions to Hydraulic Fracturing\nApplications","volume":"21","author":"Rickards","year":"2006","journal-title":"SPE Prod. Oper."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit35","volume-title":"Petroleum Engineering:\nPrinciples and Practice","author":"Archer","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49809-6","article-title":"Electrothermal Mineralization\nof Per-\nand Polyfluoroalkyl Substances for Soil Remediation","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01287-w","article-title":"Flash\nUpcycling of Waste Glass Fibre-Reinforced\nPlastics to Silicon Carbide","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00743","article-title":"Manipulation\nof Interfacial Diffusion\nfor Controlling Nanoscale Transformation","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc.\nChem. Res."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2009.12.024","article-title":"Interfacial Diffusion in Cu with\na Gradient Nanostructured Surface Layer","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta\nMater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmate.2024.100189","article-title":"Revealing the Solid-State\nReaction Process among Multiphase Multicomponent Ceramic during Ablation","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Mater."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2004.01.047","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of Coupling Particle\nSize Distribution\nwith the Shrinking Core Model","volume":"59","author":"Gbor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2022.e00484","article-title":"Lightweight\nProppants in Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Development:\nA Review","volume":"33","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainable Mater. Technol."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.106199","article-title":"Proppant\nTransport in Complex Fracture Networks\u2013A\nReview","volume":"182","author":"Sahai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blyton, C. A. J.; Gala, D. P.; Sharma, M. M. In  A Comprehensive\nStudy of Proppant Transport in a Hydraulic Fracture, SPE\nAnnual Technical Conference and Exhibition; OnePetro, 2015; pp 28\u201330.","DOI":"10.2118\/174973-MS"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-026-00593-1","article-title":"Waste Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstance-Assisted\nFlash Fluorination for Lithium Recovery from Brine","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1992.1564","article-title":"An Improved Technique for Determining\nHardness and\nElastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments","volume":"7","author":"Oliver","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24904","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03593","article-title":"Dimension Engineering of Boron Nitride Nanostructures\nthrough Catalytic Flash Joule Heating","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092909134557000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-195105000-00019","volume-title":"Stratigraphy and Sedimentation","author":"Krumbein","year":"1951"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c14926","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/38\/26326\/68538509\/acsnano.6c14926.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/20\/38\/26326\/68538509\/acsnano.6c14926.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:34:55Z","timestamp":1790688895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/20\/38\/26326\/5431702\/Flash-Surface-Engineered-Floating-Proppants-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.6c14926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}