{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:40:59Z","timestamp":1793691659060,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB10138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB10138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/K031953\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K031953\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ebola virus disease causes widespread and highly fatal epidemics in human populations. Today, there is still great need for point-of-care tests for diagnosis, patient management and surveillance, both during and post outbreaks. We present a point-of-care test comprising an immunochromatographic strip and a smartphone reader, which detects and semiquantifies Ebola-specific antibodies in human survivors. We developed a Sudan virus glycoprotein monoplex platform and validated it using sera from 90 human survivors and 31 local noninfected controls. The performance of the glycoprotein monoplex was 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity compared to standard whole antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and it was validated with freshly collected patient samples in Uganda. Moreover, we constructed a multiplex test for simultaneous detection of antibodies against three recombinant Sudan virus proteins. A pilot study comprising 15 survivors and 5 noninfected controls demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 100% compared to standard ELISA. Finally, we developed a second multiplex subtype assay for the identification of exposure to three related EVD species: Sudan virus, Bundibugyo virus and Ebola virus (formerly Zaire) using recombinant viral glycoprotein. This multiplex test could distinguish between the host\u2019s immunity to specific viral species and identify cross-reactive immunity. These developed serological platforms consisted of capture ligands with high specificity and sensitivity, in-house developed strips and a compatible smartphone application. These platforms enabled rapid and portable testing, data storage and sharing as well as geographical tagging of the tested individuals in Uganda. This platform holds great potential as a field tool for diagnosis, vaccine development, and therapeutic evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T14:14:30Z","timestamp":1515161670000},"page":"63-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection\nof IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9295-4842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Polina","family":"Brangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Sobarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , , ,","place":["Beer-Sheva, Israel, 8410501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Parolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 6B"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-018X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 6B"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip D.","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigal","family":"Gelkop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , , ,","place":["Beer-Sheva, Israel, 8410501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius J.","family":"Lutwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , , P.O Box 49,","place":["Entebbe, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Dye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , , , ,","place":["Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States, 21702"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2018-6829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"McKendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 6B"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Lobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , , ,","place":["Beer-Sheva, Israel, 8410501"]},{"name":"Uganda Virus Research Institute , , P.O Box 49,","place":["Entebbe, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7335-266X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Molly M.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8","article-title":"Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever","volume":"377","author":"Feldmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Filoviruses A Compendium\nof 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical and Laboratory Studies","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2014.0068","article-title":"The Multiple\nRoles of sGP in Ebola Pathogenesis","volume":"28","author":"de La Vega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i2.451","article-title":"Ebola Virus Outbreaks\nin Africa: Past and Present","volume":"79","author":"Muyembe-Tamfum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J.\nVet. Res."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit5","unstructured":"CDC.\n          \n          r. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/outbreaks\/history\/summaries.html (accessed Jun 2017)."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1513109","article-title":"Ebola Response Team. After Ebola\nin West Africa \u2500 Unpredictable Risks, Preventable Epidemics","volume":"375","author":"WHO.","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61696-2","article-title":"Controlling Ebola: Next Steps","volume":"384","author":"Dhillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70152-0","article-title":"Long-Term Sequelae\nafter Ebola Virus\nDisease in Bundibugyo, Uganda: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158ra146","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004582","article-title":"Immune Parameters Correlate with\nProtection against Ebola Virus Infection in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5458.1664","article-title":"Epitopes Involved\nin Antibody-Mediated\nProtection from Ebola Virus","volume":"287","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000837","article-title":"Human Fatal\nZaire Ebola Virus Infection Is Associated with an Aberrant Innate\nImmunity and with Massive Lymphocyte Apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Wauquier","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00363-12","article-title":"Profiling the Native Specific Human Humoral Immune\nResponse to Sudan Ebola Virus Strain Gulu by Chemiluminescence Enzyme-Linked\nImmunosorbent Assay","volume":"19","author":"Sobarzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-16","article-title":"Diagnosis\nof Ebola Virus Disease:\nPast, Present, and Future","volume":"29","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol.\nRev."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.11.012","article-title":"Quantitative\nSerology Assays for Determination of Antibody\nResponses to Ebola Virus Glycoprotein and Matrix Protein in Nonhuman\nPrimates and Humans","volume":"126","author":"Vu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3215","article-title":"What Ebola Tells Us\nabout Outbreak Diagnostic Readiness","volume":"33","author":"Perkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.06.049","article-title":"Enhanced Lateral\nFlow Immunoassay Using Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Enzymes","volume":"40","author":"Parolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2287-2","article-title":"Lateral Flow\n(Immuno)assay: Its Strengths,\nWeaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. A Literature Survey","volume":"393","author":"Posthuma-Trumpie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35255A","article-title":"Paper-Based Nanobiosensors for Diagnostics","volume":"42","author":"Parolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.05.001","article-title":"Development of a Multiplex\nLateral Flow Strip Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Detection\nUsing Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"221","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00055F","article-title":"Multicolored Silver\nNanoparticles for Multiplexed Disease Diagnostics: Distinguishing\nDengue, Yellow Fever, and Ebola Viruses","volume":"15","author":"Yen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab\nChip"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.08.048","article-title":"A Simple and\nCompact Smartphone Accessory\nfor Quantitative Chemiluminescence-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay\nfor Salivary Cortisol Detection","volume":"64","author":"Zangheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273re1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0056","article-title":"A Smartphone Dongle for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases at the Point\nof Care","volume":"7","author":"Laksanasopin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800112r","article-title":"Simple Telemedicine for Developing\nRegions: Camera\nPhones and Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices for Real-Time, off-Site\nDiagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.02.035","article-title":"Disposable\nLateral Flow-through Strip for Smartphone-Camera to Quantitatively\nDetect Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Milk","volume":"69","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit162","article-title":"Profile and\nPersistence\nof the Virus-Specific Neutralizing Humoral Immune Response in Human\nSurvivors of Sudan Ebolavirus (Gulu)","volume":"208","author":"Sobarzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect.\nDis."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smartphone\nOwnership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies","author":"Poushter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pew Res. Cent."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.022","article-title":"Cross-Reactive\nand Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Human Survivors of Natural\nEbolavirus Infection","volume":"164","author":"Flyak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10442","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10442-10450.2005","article-title":"Effects\nof Ebola Virus Glycoproteins\non Endothelial Cell Activation and Barrier Function","volume":"79","author":"Wahl-Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.017","article-title":"Current Perspectives on the Phylogeny\nof Filoviridae","volume":"11","author":"Barrette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect., Genet. Evol."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit30","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control and Protection.\n          \n          https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/outbreaks\/history\/distribution-map.html."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit31","first-page":"141224140032008","article-title":"Ebola Response Team. West African\nEbola Epidemic after One Year \u2500 Slowing but Not Yet under Control","author":"WHO.","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit32","unstructured":"WHO.\n          \n          http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/ebola\/18-november-2014-diagnostics\/en\/ (accessed Jun 2017)."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61042-X","article-title":"ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit for\nPoint-of-Care and Laboratory-Based Testing for Ebola Virus Disease:\nA Field Validation Study","volume":"386","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259657","article-title":"Genomic\nsurveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during\nthe 2014 outbreak","volume":"345","author":"Gire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001980","article-title":"Performance of the GeneXpert Ebola\nAssay for Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease in Sierra Leone: A Field\nEvaluation Study","volume":"13","author":"Semper","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511812","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Convalescent Plasma for Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea","volume":"374","author":"van Griensven","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S350","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv361","article-title":"Ebola Virus Diagnostics: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\nLaboratory in Sierra Leone, August 2014 to March 2015","volume":"212","author":"Flint","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138ra81","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003876","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Ebola Virus-Infected\nCynomolgus Macaques with Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1412166","article-title":"Ebola Vaccine--an Urgent International\nPriority","volume":"371","author":"Kanapathipillai","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/v7010037","article-title":"Immune Memory\nto Sudan\nVirus: Comparison between Two Separate Disease Outbreaks","volume":"7","author":"Sobarzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61117-5","article-title":"Efficacy\nand Effectiveness of an rVSV-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Ebola Surface\nGlycoprotein: Interim Results from the Guinea Ring Vaccination Cluster-Randomised\nTrial","volume":"386","author":"Henao-Restrepo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.091485","article-title":"Preparing a Community\nHospital to Manage Work-Related Exposures to Infectious Agents in\nBiosafety Level 3 and 4 Laboratories","volume":"16","author":"Risi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging\nInfect. Dis."},{"key":"2026090119205253400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2003.04.001","article-title":"Containing a Haemorrhagic Fever Epidemic:\nThe Ebola Experience in Uganda (October 2000 \u2500 January 2001)","volume":"9","author":"Lamunu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.7b07021","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/12\/1\/63\/67553437\/acsnano.7b07021.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/12\/1\/63\/67553437\/acsnano.7b07021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:20:57Z","timestamp":1788304857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/12\/1\/63\/862007\/A-Serological-Point-of-Care-Test-for-the-Detection"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.7b07021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]}}}