{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:05:52Z","timestamp":1794405952029,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":272,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537488000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537488000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537488000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010664","name":"H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["785219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["785219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14.Y26.31.0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14.Y26.31.0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interface engineering of organic\u2013inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) plays a pivotal role in achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE). In fact, the perovskite photoactive layer needs to work synergistically with the other functional components of the cell, such as charge transporting\/active buffer layers and electrodes. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional materials (GRMs) are promising candidates to tune \u201con demand\u201d the interface properties of PSCs. In this work, we fully exploit the potential of GRMs by controlling the optoelectronic properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrids both as hole transport layer (HTL) and active buffer layer (ABL) in mesoscopic methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite (MAPbI3)-based PSCs. We show that zero-dimensional MoS2 quantum dots (MoS2 QDs), derived by liquid phase exfoliated MoS2 flakes, provide both hole-extraction and electron-blocking properties. In fact, on one hand, intrinsic n-type doping-induced intraband gap states effectively extract the holes through an electron injection mechanism. On the other hand, quantum confinement effects increase the optical band gap of MoS2 (from 1.4 eV for the flakes to &amp;gt;3.2 eV for QDs), raising the minimum energy of its conduction band (from \u22124.3 eV for the flakes to \u22122.2 eV for QDs) above the one of the conduction band of MAPbI3 (between \u22123.7 and \u22124 eV) and hindering electron collection. The van der Waals hybridization of MoS2 QDs with functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f-RGO), obtained by chemical silanization-induced linkage between RGO and (3-mercaptopropyl)\u00adtrimethoxysilane, is effective to homogenize the deposition of HTLs or ABLs onto the perovskite film, since the two-dimensional nature of RGO effectively plugs the pinholes of the MoS2 QD films. Our \u201cgraphene interface engineering\u201d (GIE) strategy based on van der Waals MoS2 QD\/graphene hybrids enables MAPbI3-based PSCs to achieve a PCE up to 20.12% (average PCE of 18.8%). The possibility to combine quantum and chemical effects into GIE, coupled with the recent success of graphene and GRMs as interfacial layer, represents a promising approach for the development of next-generation PSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b05514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T18:58:30Z","timestamp":1537556310000},"page":"10736-10754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["MoS2 Quantum Dot\/Graphene Hybrids for Advanced\nInterface Engineering of a CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell with an Efficiency of over 20%"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leyla","family":"Najafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Marti\u0301n-Garci\u0301a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Bellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Agresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-6565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reinier","family":"Oropesa-Nun\u0303ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]},{"name":"BeDimensional Srl. , Via Albisola 121 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pescetelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Vesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Calabro\u0300","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-8059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mirko","family":"Prato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9678-1187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Del Rio Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6828-2380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aldo","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata , , Via del Politecnico 1 , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00133"]},{"name":"National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d , , Leninskiy Prosect 6 , ,","place":["Moscow, Russia, 119049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-9420","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bonaccorso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , Via Morego 30 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]},{"name":"BeDimensional Srl. , Via Albisola 121 , ,","place":["Genova, Italy, 16163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.134","article-title":"The Emergence of Perovskite Solar\nCells","volume":"8","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1021\/jz400638x","article-title":"Effect\nof Different Hole Transport Materials on Recombination in CH3NH3PbI3\nPerovskite-Sensitized Mesoscopic Solar Cells","volume":"4","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtener.2018.01.004","article-title":"Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells:\nA Review","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Energy"},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6784","article-title":"Origin and\nElimination of Photocurrent Hysteresis by Fullerene Passivation in\nCH3NH3PbI3 Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells","volume":"5","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE02465F","article-title":"Hysteresis and Transient\nBehavior in Current-Voltage Measurements of Hybrid-Perovskite Absorber\nSolar Cells","volume":"7","author":"Unger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE00120J","article-title":"Hysteresis-Less\nInverted CH3NH3PbI3 Planar Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with 18.1%\nPower Conversion Efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Heo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Environ.\nSci."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.02.031","article-title":"Planar versus Mesoscopic Perovskite Microstructures: The Influence\nof CH3NH3PbI3Morphology on Charge Transport and Recombination Dynamics","volume":"22","author":"Pascoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701883","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701883","article-title":"Interface Engineering\nfor Highly\nEfficient and Stable Planar P-I-N Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ee00168k","article-title":"Interface Energetics in Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Photovoltaic\nCells","volume":"7","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026081801101247200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342001","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/34\/342001","article-title":"Energetics\nand Dynamics in Organic\u2013inorganic Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics\nand Light Emitters","volume":"26","author":"Sum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081801101247200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700623","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201700623","article-title":"Interfaces\nin Perovskite Solar Cells","volume":"7","author":"Azhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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