{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1794035637804,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539129600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRN 136866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRN 136866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000261","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EGID 2641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EGID 2641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom?a y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF2015-68187-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2015-68187-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007476","name":"Canadian Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NOD_OG-3-15-4963-PS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOD_OG-3-15-4963-PS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000019","name":"Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-SGR-338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-SGR-338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["715018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["715018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vaccination using nanocarrier-based delivery systems has recently emerged as a promising approach for meeting the continued challenge posed by infectious diseases and cancer. A diverse portfolio of nanocarriers of various sizes, compositions, and physical parameters have now been developed, and this diversity provides an opportunity for the rational design of vaccines that can mediate targeted delivery of various antigens and adjuvants or immune regulatory agents in ways unachievable with classical vaccination approaches. This flexibility allows control over the characteristics of vaccine-elicited immune responses such that they can be tailored to be effective in circumstances where classical vaccines have failed. Furthermore, the utility of nanocarrier-based immune modulation extends to the treatment of autoimmune disease where precisely targeted inhibition of immune responses is desirable. Clearly, the selection of appropriate nanocarriers, antigens, adjuvants, and other components underpins the efficacy of these nanoimmune interventions. Herein, we provide an overview of currently available nanocarriers of various types and their physical and pharmacological properties with the goal of providing a resource for researchers exploring nanomaterial-based approaches for immune modulation and identify some information gaps and unexplored questions to help guide future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b05950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T14:54:46Z","timestamp":1539183286000},"page":"10621-10635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Nanoparticles\nfor Immune Stimulation Against Infection,\nCancer, and Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Santiswarup","family":"Singha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-4977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristofor K.","family":"Ellestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1"]},{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3469-1586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pere","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary , , , ,","place":["Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1"]},{"name":"Institut D\u2019Investigacions Biome\u0300diques August Pi i Sunyer , ,","place":["Barcelona, Spain, 08036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan0662","article-title":"Developing an HIV Vaccine","volume":"355","author":"Haynes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302369","article-title":"Nivolumab\nPlus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"369","author":"Wolchok","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl.\nJ. Med."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1210","article-title":"Targeting the Innate Immune Response\nwith Improved Vaccine Adjuvants","volume":"11","author":"Pashine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp017","article-title":"The Roles of TLRs,\nRLRs and NLRs in Pathogen Recognition","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int.\nImmunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2015.995097","article-title":"STING, Nanoparticles,\nAutoimmune Disease and Cancer: A Novel Paradigm for Immunotherapy?","volume":"11","author":"Lemos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.10.3991-3996.2005","article-title":"From the\nTh1\/Th2 Paradigm Towards a Toll-Like Receptor\/T-Helper Bias","volume":"49","author":"Netea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00144.x","article-title":"Modulating\nVaccine Responses with Dendritic Cells and Toll-Like Receptors","volume":"199","author":"Pulendran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25439","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor\n2 Controls Expansion and Function\nof Regulatory T Cells","volume":"116","author":"Sutmuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3577","article-title":"Foxp3 and\nToll-Like Receptor Signaling Balance Treg Cell Anabolic Metabolism\nfor Suppression","volume":"17","author":"Gerriets","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0147-9","article-title":"Biomaterial-Assisted\nTargeted Modulation of Immune\nCells in Cancer Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1021\/mp100255c","article-title":"Aerosolized PLA and\nPLGA Nanoparticles Enhance Humoral, Mucosal and Cytokine Responses\nto Hepatitis B Vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09737","article-title":"Programming\nthe Magnitude and Persistence\nof Antibody Responses with Innate Immunity","volume":"470","author":"Kasturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031472","article-title":"Antigen-Displaying\nLipid-Enveloped PLGA Nanoparticles as Delivery Agents for a Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061885","article-title":"A Single-Dose PLGA Encapsulated Protective\nAntigen Domain 4 Nanoformulation\nProtects Mice against Bacillus anthracis Spore Challenge","volume":"8","author":"Manish","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00275-4","article-title":"Enhancement of Immune Responses by\nCo-Delivery of a CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide and Tetanus Toxoid in Biodegradable\nNanospheres","volume":"85","author":"Diwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.10.003","article-title":"Targeting\nthe Tumor-Draining Lymph Node with Adjuvanted Nanoparticles Reshapes\nthe Anti-Tumor Immune Response","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1332","article-title":"Exploiting\nLymphatic Transport and Complement Activation in Nanoparticle Vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Reddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2015.1073392","article-title":"Development of Chitosan-Pullulan Composite Nanoparticles\nfor Nasal Delivery of Vaccines: Optimisation and Cellular Studies","volume":"32","author":"Cevher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microencapsulation"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61135","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061135","article-title":"Enhanced Immune\nResponse and Protective Effects of Nano-Chitosan-Based DNA Vaccine\nEncoding T Cell Epitopes of Esat-6 and FL against Mycobacterium\ntuberculosis Infection","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.03.025","article-title":"Bioreducible Alginate-Poly\u00ad(Ethylenimine)\nNanogels as an Antigen-Delivery System Robustly Enhance Vaccine-Elicited\nHumoral and Cellular Immune Responses","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Controlled\nRelease"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.02.024","article-title":"Tunable\nT Cell Immunity Towards a Protein Antigen Using Polymersomes Vs. Solid-Core\nNanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Stano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27206","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27206","article-title":"A Lipid Based Antigen Delivery System Efficiently Facilitates MHC\nClass-I Antigen Presentation in Dendritic Cells to Stimulate CD8\u00ad(+)\nT Cells","volume":"6","author":"Maji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2960","article-title":"Interbilayer-Crosslinked\nMultilamellar Vesicles as Synthetic Vaccines for Potent Humoral and\nCellular Immune Responses","volume":"10","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9743","DOI":"10.1021\/nn403085w","article-title":"Biomimetic Protein\nNanoparticles Facilitate Enhanced Dendritic Cell Activation and Cross-Presentation","volume":"7","author":"Molino","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.02.058","article-title":"Surface Modified Liposomes for Nasal Delivery of DNA\nVaccine","volume":"26","author":"Khatri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.05.037","article-title":"Intranasal Administration\nof CpG DNA Lipoplex Prevents Pulmonary Metastasis in Mice","volume":"287","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.2990","article-title":"Targeting CpG Oligonucleotides\nto the Lymph Node by Nanoparticles Elicits Efficient Antitumoral Immunity","volume":"181","author":"Bourquin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.04.024","article-title":"Effects of Gold Nanoparticle-Based\nVaccine Size on Lymph Node Delivery and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses","volume":"256","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3926","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3057005","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Platform: Influence of Size and Shape\non Immunological Responses in Vitro and in\nVivo","volume":"7","author":"Niikura","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900126","article-title":"Cytotoxicity\nand Immunological Response\nof Gold and Silver Nanoparticles of Different Sizes","volume":"5","author":"Yen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-015-9780-2","article-title":"A Review of Clinical Translation of Inorganic Nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Anselmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1021\/cm802978z","article-title":"Oleylamine\nas Both Reducing Agent and Stabilizer in a Facile Synthesis of Magnetite\nNanoparticles","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.168","article-title":"Iron Oxide\nNanoparticles Inhibit Tumour Growth by Inducing Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage\nPolarization in Tumour Tissues","volume":"11","author":"Zanganeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-218362","article-title":"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles\nas a Clinically Acceptable Delivery Platform for a Recombinant Blood-Stage\nHuman Malaria Vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Pusic","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17535","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b05497","article-title":"Lipopeptide-Coated\nIron Oxide Nanoparticles as Potential\nGlycoconjugate-Based Synthetic Anticancer Vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Sungsuwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79.23","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.198.Supp.79.23","article-title":"New Strategies in Vaccine Design\nfor the Induction\nof CD8 T Cell Responses Using Biodegradable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"198","author":"Powles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.56","article-title":"Peptide-MHC-Based Nanomedicines\nfor Autoimmunity Function as T-Cell Receptor Microclustering Devices","volume":"12","author":"Singha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.06.005","article-title":"Old and New Adjuvants","volume":"47","author":"McKee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr.\nOpin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.153","article-title":"Alpha-Alumina Nanoparticles\nInduce\nEfficient Autophagy-Dependent Cross-Presentation and Potent Antitumour\nResponse","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.5.1021-1024.2002","article-title":"Calcium Phosphate\nNanoparticles Induce Mucosal Immunity and Protection against Herpes\nSimplex Virus Type 2","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.05.004","article-title":"Calcium\nPhosphate Nanoparticle Prepared with Foot and Mouth Disease Virus\nP1\u20133CD Gene Construct Protects Mice and Guinea Pigs against\nthe Challenge Virus","volume":"139","author":"Joyappa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr00357d","article-title":"Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles\nas Antigen Carriers\nand Adjuvants for Vaccine Delivery","volume":"5","author":"Mody","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114006","article-title":"Silica Nanoparticles\nas the Adjuvant for the Immunisation of Mice Using Hepatitis B Core\nVirus-Like Particles","volume":"9","author":"Skrastina","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23466","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b06024","article-title":"Silica Nanoparticle as a Lymph Node\nTargeting Platform for Vaccine Delivery","volume":"9","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS\nAppl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.06.028","article-title":"Enhanced Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses Obtained by Porous\nSilica Nanoparticles Used as an Oral Vaccine Adjuvant: Effect of Silica\nArchitecture on Immunological Properties","volume":"436","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.10.012","article-title":"Synthesis\nof a Novel Kind of Carbon Nanoparticle with Large Mesopores and Macropores\nand Its Application as an Oral Vaccine Adjuvant","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-11-30","article-title":"Carbon Nanotubes as a Novel Tool\nfor Vaccination against\nInfectious Diseases and Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Gottardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26790-x","article-title":"The Toxicity and Therapeutic\nEffects of Single-and Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes on Mice Breast Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kavosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-016-0229-2","article-title":"Generation of Protective\nImmunity against Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection\nby Immunization with a Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Combined with ScaA\nAntigen","volume":"14","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.038","article-title":"Selective Targeting of Antibody-Conjugated\nNanoparticles\nto Leukemic Cells and Primary T-Lymphocytes","volume":"26","author":"Dinauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12202","article-title":"Self-Assembling Influenza Nanoparticle Vaccines Elicit\nBroadly Neutralizing H1N1 Antibodies","volume":"499","author":"Kanekiyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3927","article-title":"Hemagglutinin-Stem\nNanoparticles Generate Heterosubtypic Influenza Protection","volume":"21","author":"Yassine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02725-4","article-title":"Double-Layered Protein Nanoparticles Induce Broad Protection\nagainst Divergent Influenza a Viruses","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0024-6","article-title":"Protein Nanovaccine\nConfers Robust Immunity against Toxoplasma","volume":"2","author":"El\nBissati","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ. Vaccines"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8255","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR00506C","article-title":"Human Immune\nCell Targeting of Protein\nNanoparticles--Caveospheres","volume":"8","author":"Glass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201200435","article-title":"A Self-Adjuvanting Supramolecular\nVaccine Carrying a Folded Protein Antigen","volume":"2","author":"Hudalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv.\nHealthcare Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912124107","article-title":"A Self-Assembling\nPeptide Acting as an Immune Adjuvant","volume":"107","author":"Rudra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200209","article-title":"Self-Assembled Peptide Amphiphile Micelles Containing\na Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitope Promote a Protective Immune Response in Vivo","volume":"24","author":"Black","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2006.07.018","article-title":"Virus-Like Particles:\nPassport to Immune Recognition","volume":"40","author":"Grgacic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.244","article-title":"Virus-Like\nParticle (VLP) Vaccine\nConferred Complete Protection against a Lethal Influenza Virus Challenge","volume":"18","author":"Galarza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10612","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01526-15","article-title":"Enhanced Influenza Virus-Like Particle\nVaccination with a Structurally Optimized RIG-I Agonist as Adjuvant","volume":"89","author":"Beljanski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.12.006","article-title":"Human Parvovirus\nB19 Virus-Like Particles: In Vitro Assembly and Stability","volume":"94","author":"Sanchez-Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.115","article-title":"Virus-Like\nParticles in Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Roldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev.\nVaccines"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1957","article-title":"Toll-Like\nReceptors in Systemic Autoimmune Disease","volume":"6","author":"Marshak-Rothstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.7.1051","article-title":"Clinical Investigations\nof Toll-Like Receptor Agonists","volume":"17","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin.\nInvest. Drugs"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI79915","article-title":"Nanoparticulate\nSTING Agonists Are Potent Lymph Node-Targeted Vaccine Adjuvants","volume":"125","author":"Hanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.09.008","article-title":"Delivering\nAll in One: Antigen-Nanocapsule Loaded with Dual Adjuvant Yields Superadditive\nEffects by DC-Directed T Cell Stimulation","volume":"289","author":"Passlick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\nControlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1112","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Control of the\nAdaptive Immune Responses","volume":"5","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.034","article-title":"Synthetic\nVaccine Nanoparticles Target to Lymph Node Triggering Enhanced Innate\nand Adaptive Antitumor Immunity","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.01.010","article-title":"Tailoring Polymeric\nHybrid Micelles with Lymph Node Targeting Ability to Improve the Potency\nof Cancer Vaccines","volume":"122","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.09.062","article-title":"Development\nof Multifunctional Lipid\nNanocapsules for the Co-Delivery of Paclitaxel and CpG-ODN in the\nTreatment of Glioblastoma","volume":"495","author":"Lollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12419","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02240A","article-title":"Gold Nanocluster-Based\nVaccines for Dual-Delivery of Antigens and Immunostimulatory Oligonucleotides","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.01.056","article-title":"Viral-Mimicking\nProtein Nanoparticle Vaccine for Eliciting Anti-Tumor Responses","volume":"86","author":"Molino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4822","article-title":"Designer Vaccine Nanodiscs for Personalized\nCancer\nImmunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Kuai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.07.053","article-title":"A Novel Liposomal\nVaccine Improves Humoral Immunity and Prevents\nTumor Pulmonary Metastasis in Mice","volume":"399","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J.\nPharm."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.09.041","article-title":"Co-Delivery\nof Nucleoside-Modified mRNA and TLR Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy:\nRestoring the Immunogenicity of Immunosilent mRNA","volume":"266","author":"Verbeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.035","article-title":"Lipid-Enveloped\nZinc Phosphate Hybrid Nanoparticles for Codelivery of H-2K\u00ad(b) and\nH-2D\u00ad(b)-Restricted Antigenic Peptides and Monophosphoryl Lipid a to\nInduce Antitumor Immunity against Melanoma","volume":"228","author":"Zhuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.10.009","article-title":"Programmed Nanoparticles for Combined\nImmunomodulation,\nAntigen Presentation and Tracking of Immunotherapeutic Cells","volume":"35","author":"Heo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13193","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13193","article-title":"Photothermal Therapy\nwith Immune-Adjuvant Nanoparticles Together\nwith Checkpoint Blockade for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.01.045","article-title":"Nanoparticle Mediated\nCo-Delivery of Paclitaxel and a TLR-4 Agonist Results in Tumor Regression\nand Enhanced Immune Response in the Tumor Microenvironment of a Mouse\nModel","volume":"445","author":"Roy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.035","article-title":"Co-Delivery\nof Cancer-Associated Antigen and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligand in PLGA\nNanoparticles Induces Potent CD8\u00ad(+) T Cell-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity","volume":"26","author":"Hamdy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.08.021","article-title":"Multifunctional Nanoparticles Co-Delivering Trp2 Peptide and CpG\nAdjuvant Induce Potent Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response against Melanoma\nand Its Lung Metastasis","volume":"172","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.030","article-title":"TLR Ligands\nand Antigen Need to Be\nCoencapsulated into the Same Biodegradable Microsphere for the Generation\nof Potent Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses","volume":"26","author":"Schlosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.02.031","article-title":"Delivering Adjuvants and Antigens\nin Separate Nanoparticles Eliminates the Need of Physical Linkage\nfor Effective Vaccination","volume":"251","author":"Mohsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3558","article-title":"Regulation\nand Function of the cGAS-STING Pathway of\nCytosolic DNA Sensing","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.030","article-title":"A Robust Microparticle\nPlatform for\na STING-Targeted Adjuvant That Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular\nImmunity During Vaccination","volume":"270","author":"Junkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3775","article-title":"Engineering\nSynthetic Vaccines Using\nCues from Natural Immunity","volume":"12","author":"Irvine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.10.013","article-title":"Biodegradable\nSTING Agonist Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.52","article-title":"A STING-Activating Nanovaccine for\nCancer Immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700972","article-title":"Innate Immune Activation\nby cGMP-AMP Nanoparticles\nLeads to Potent and Long-Acting Antiretroviral Response against HIV-1","volume":"199","author":"Aroh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.026","article-title":"Liposomes Loaded with a STING Pathway\nLigand, Cyclic\ndi-GMP, Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy against Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"216","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra61","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aad0612","article-title":"Tolerogenic Nanoparticles\nInhibit T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity through SOCS2","volume":"9","author":"Yeste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Signaling"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E156","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408686111","article-title":"Polymeric Synthetic Nanoparticles for the Induction\nof Antigen-Specific Immunological Tolerance","volume":"112","author":"Maldonado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5062029","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based\nImmunotherapy for Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6616(02)00017-7","article-title":"HLA Tetramer-Based\nArtificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for Stimulation of CD4+ T Cells","volume":"106","author":"Maus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.06.015","article-title":"Nanoscale\nArtificial Antigen Presenting Cells for T Cell Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Perica","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.11","article-title":"A Comprehensive Platform for Ex Vivo T-Cell Expansion Based on Biodegradable Polymeric\nArtificial Antigen-Presenting\nCells","volume":"16","author":"Steenblock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.09.050","article-title":"Particle Shape Dependence\nof CD8+ T Cell Activation by Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells","volume":"35","author":"Sunshine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.154","article-title":"A Carbon Nanotube-Polymer\nComposite for T-Cell Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Fadel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7045","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03734","article-title":"Biologically Inspired Design of Nanoparticle\nArtificial\nAntigen-Presenting Cells for Immunomodulation","volume":"17","author":"Hickey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16962","article-title":"Expanding\nAntigen-Specific Regulatory\nNetworks to Treat Autoimmunity","volume":"530","author":"Clemente-Casares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.04.003","article-title":"Paracrine Co-Delivery of TGF-Beta\nand IL-2 Using CD4-Targeted Nanoparticles for Induction and Maintenance\nof Regulatory T Cells","volume":"59","author":"McHugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204ra130","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006516","article-title":"Generation of Effector\nMemory T Cell-Based Mucosal and Systemic Immunity with Pulmonary Nanoparticle\nVaccination","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00097-8","article-title":"Positively Charged Liposome Functions\nas an Efficient Immunoadjuvant in Inducing Cell-Mediated Immune Response\nto Soluble Proteins","volume":"61","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081801120476200_cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.330","article-title":"Protein Adsorption Is Required for\nStealth Effect of\nPoly\u00ad(Ethylene Glycol)- and Poly\u00ad(Phosphoester)-Coated Nanocarriers","volume":"11","author":"Schottler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.8b05950","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/12\/11\/10621\/7497676\/nn8b05950.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/12\/11\/10621\/7497676\/nn8b05950.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:46:51Z","timestamp":1787042811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/12\/11\/10621\/747409\/Nanoparticles-for-Immune-Stimulation-Against"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.8b05950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]}}}