{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:27:22Z","timestamp":1791926842140,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Weyl semimetals (WSMs) exhibit an electronic structure governed by linear band dispersions and degenerate (Weyl) points that lead to exotic physical phenomena. While WSMs were established in bulk monopnictide compounds several years ago, the growth of thin films remains a challenge. Here, we report the bottom-up synthesis of single-crystalline NbP and TaP thin films, 9 to 70 nm thick, by means of molecular beam epitaxy. The as-grown epitaxial films feature a phosphorus-rich stoichiometry, a tensile-strained unit cell, and a homogeneous surface termination, unlike their bulk crystal counterparts. These properties result in an electronic structure governed by topological surface states as directly observed using in situ momentum photoemission microscopy, along with a Fermi-level shift of \u22120.2 eV with respect to the intrinsic chemical potential. Although the Fermi energy of the as-grown samples is still far from the Weyl points, carrier mobilities close to 103 cm2\/(V s) have been measured at room temperature in patterned Hall-bar devices. The ability to grow thin films of Weyl semimetals that can be tailored by doping or strain, is an important step toward the fabrication of functional WSM-based devices and heterostructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b09997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T14:59:05Z","timestamp":1581605945000},"page":"4405-4413","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Realization\nof Epitaxial NbP and TaP Weyl Semimetal\nThin Films"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amilcar","family":"Bedoya-Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avanindra Kumar","family":"Pandeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defa","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan","family":"Deniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengxin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-5225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyeon","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagannath","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Kostanovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4702-6139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart S. P.","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck-Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2 , ( ),","place":["Halle, Saale, Germany, 06120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015001","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.015001","article-title":"Weyl and Dirac\nSemimetals in Three-Dimensional\nSolids","volume":"90","author":"Armitage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4787","article-title":"Weyl Semimetals, Fermi Arcs and Chiral\nAnomalies","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.83.205101","article-title":"Topological Semimetal\nand Fermi-Arc Surface States in the Electronic Structure of Pyrochlore\nIridates","volume":"83","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9297","article-title":"Discovery\nof a Weyl Fermion Semimetal and Topological Fermi Arcs","volume":"349","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031013","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.5.031013","article-title":"Experimental\nDiscovery of Weyl Semimetal TaAs","volume":"5","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev.\nX"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3425","article-title":"Weyl Semimetal Phase\nin the Non-Centrosymmetric Compound TaAs","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3426","article-title":"Observation of Weyl\nNodes in TaAs","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11006","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11006","article-title":"Observation\nof Weyl\nNodes and Fermi Arcs in Tantalum Phosphide","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501092","article-title":"Experimental Discovery\nof a Topological Weyl Semimetal State in TaP","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161112","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.161112","article-title":"Direct Observation\nof Nonequivalent Fermi-Arc States of Opposite Surfaces in the Noncentrosymmetric\nWeyl Semimetal NbP","volume":"93","author":"Souma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter\nMater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4457","article-title":"Evolution of the Fermi\nSurface of Weyl Semimetals in the Transition Metal Pnictide Family","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.235104","article-title":"Fermi Surface Interconnectivity and Topology in Weyl Fermion Semimetals\nTaAs, TaP, NbAs, and NbP","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens.\nMatter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035114","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.035114","article-title":"Impurity Screening and Stability of Fermi Arcs against Coulomb and\nMagnetic Scattering in a Weyl Monopnictide","volume":"95","author":"Sessi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8766","article-title":"Quasiparticle\nInterference of the Fermi Arcs and Surface-Bulk Connectivity of a\nWeyl Semimetal","volume":"351","author":"Inoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600709","article-title":"Visualizing\nWeakly Bound Surface Fermi Arcs and Their Correspondence to Bulk Weyl\nFermions","volume":"2","author":"Batabyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.196403","article-title":"Mirror Protected Dirac Fermions on a Weyl Semimetal\nNbP Surface","volume":"119","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.177.2426","article-title":"Axial-Vector\nVertex in Spinor Electrodynamics","volume":"177","author":"Adler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085006","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085006","article-title":"On the Search\nfor the Chiral Anomaly in Weyl Semimetals: The Negative Longitudinal\nMagnetoresistance","volume":"18","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.3.014201","article-title":"Current\nJetting Distorted Planar\nHall Effect in a Weyl Semimetal with Ultrahigh Mobility","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.031002","article-title":"Experimental Tests of the Chiral Anomaly Magnetoresistance\nin the Dirac-Weyl Semimetals Na3Bi and GdPtBi","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23005","article-title":"Experimental Signatures\nof the Mixed Axial\u2013gravitational Anomaly in the Weyl Semimetal\nNbP","volume":"547","author":"Gooth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43394","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43394","article-title":"Chiral Magnetoresistance\nin the Weyl Semimetal NbP","volume":"7","author":"Niemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031035","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.4.031035","article-title":"Probing the\nChiral Anomaly with Nonlocal Transport in Three-Dimensional Topological\nSemimetals","volume":"4","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041021","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.6.041021","article-title":"Chiral Anomaly from\nStrain-Induced\nGauge Fields in Dirac and Weyl Semimetals","volume":"6","author":"Pikulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. X"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.041201","article-title":"Quantum Oscillations\nwithout Magnetic\nField","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15995","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15995","article-title":"Quantized Circular\nPhotogalvanic Effect in Weyl Semimetals","volume":"8","author":"De Juan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023023","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aaaa90","article-title":"Twisted\nFermi Surface of a Thin-Film Weyl Semimetal","volume":"20","author":"Bovenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235159","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.98.235159","article-title":"Floquet Topological\nInsulator Phase\nin a Weyl Semimetal Thin Film with Disorder","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit32","article-title":"Metal-Insulator Transition in Weyl\nSemimetal Thin Films","volume-title":"APS March Meeting Abstracts","author":"Taherinejad","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ab17b3","article-title":"Surface Plasmon\nPolaritons in Thin Film Weyl Semimetals","volume":"31","author":"Tamaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\nPhys.: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606202","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606202","article-title":"Weyl Semimetals as Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts","volume":"29","author":"Rajamathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.041104","article-title":"Photocurrents in\nWeyl Semimetals","volume":"95","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter\nMater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0234-5","article-title":"Giant Anomalous Hall\nEffect in a Ferromagnetic Kagome-Lattice Semimetal","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav2873","article-title":"Magnetic Weyl Semimetal Phase in\na Kagome\u0301 Crystal","volume":"365","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav2334","article-title":"Fermi-Arc\nDiversity on Surface Terminations of the Magnetic Weyl Semimetal Co3Sn2S2","volume":"365","author":"Morali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav2327","article-title":"Discovery of Topological\nWeyl Fermion Lines and Drumhead Surface States in a Room Temperature\nMagnet","volume":"365","author":"Belopolski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.146403","article-title":"Strong Intrinsic Spin\nHall Effect in the TaAs Family of Weyl Semimetals","volume":"117","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085417","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.085417","article-title":"Edelstein Effect in Weyl Semimetals","volume":"97","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226604","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.226604","article-title":"Chirality\nJosephson Current Due to\na Novel Quantum Anomaly in Inversion-Asymmetric Weyl Semimetals","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"064102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.064102","article-title":"Pressure-Induced Lifshitz Transition in NbP: Raman, X-Ray Diffraction,\nElectrical Transport, and Density Functional Theory","volume":"97","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.220301","article-title":"Uncovering\nElectron-Phonon Scattering and Phonon Dynamics in Type-I Weyl Semimetals","volume":"100","author":"Coulter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2015.03.020","article-title":"Spin Resolved\nBandstructure Imaging\nwith a High Resolution Momentum Microscope","volume":"159","author":"Tusche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.066802","article-title":"Criteria for\nDirectly Detecting Topological Fermi Arcs\nin Weyl Semimetals","volume":"116","author":"Belopolski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3372","article-title":"Extremely Large Magnetoresistance\nand Ultrahigh Mobility in the Topological Weyl Semimetal Candidate\nNbP","volume":"11","author":"Shekhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-0256(96)00008-0","article-title":"Efficiency\nof Ab-Initio Total-Energy\nCalculations for Metals and Semiconductors Using a Plane-Wave Basis\nSet","volume":"6","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169","article-title":"Efficient Iterative Schemes for Ab Initio Total-Energy Calculations Using a Plane-Wave Basis\nSet","volume":"54","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865","article-title":"Generalized\nGradient Approximation\nMade Simple","volume":"77","author":"Perdew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090205592584700_cit51","article-title":"Towards Weyltronics: Realization of Epitaxial NbP\nand TaP Weyl Semimetal\nThin Films","volume-title":"arXiV","author":"Bedoya-Pinto","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.9b09997","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/14\/4\/4405\/14485083\/nn9b09997.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/14\/4\/4405\/14485083\/nn9b09997.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:59:35Z","timestamp":1788343175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/14\/4\/4405\/602978\/Realization-of-Epitaxial-NbP-and-TaP-Weyl"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.9b09997","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]}}}