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Here, we report an innovative strategy that integrates iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) into three-dimensional (3D) printed tablets (printlets) as advanced oral dosage forms for iron supplementation. Bare and citrate-coated Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized, dispersed in glycerol, and incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) filaments via hot-melt extrusion, which enabled fabrication of uniform cylindrical tablets through fused deposition modeling (FDM). Structural and spectroscopic analyses confirmed successful incorporation and homogeneous distribution of NPs within the polymeric matrix, while mechanical testing demonstrated that stable glycerol-based dispersions yielded filaments with superior strength and printability compared to powder-based mixtures. Dissolution studies under simulated gastric and intestinal conditions revealed rapid and complete iron release for both formulations at pH 1.0, whereas citrate-functionalized NPs significantly enhanced iron release at pH 6.8, correlating with improved colloidal stabilization of the supernanostructures generated during dissolution. Zebrafish embryo assays further indicated low acute toxicity for both nanoparticle suspensions and dissolved printlets, with citrate coating mitigating hatching delays observed at higher concentrations. Altogether, these results demonstrate that combining iron oxide nanoparticles with FDM-based additive manufacturing enables the production of pharmaceutically relevant and customizable oral dosage forms with improved dissolution behavior and exhibiting low acute toxicity. This platform offers a proof-of-concept toward personalized iron supplementation therapies that address the limitations of conventional formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnanoscienceau.5c00159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T20:29:44Z","timestamp":1770150584000},"page":"386-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron Oxide\nNanoparticles Integrated in 3D-Printed\nDosage Forms for Advanced Iron Supplementation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mac-Kedson Medeiros","family":"Salviano Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia, CEP , ,","place":["Brasilia-DF, Brazil, 72220-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia-DF, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane Pandolfo","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Sousa-Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idejan Padilha","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia, DF, Brazil, 70.910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Gracielle Martins","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Alexandre","family":"Muehlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia, CEP , ,","place":["Brasilia-DF, Brazil, 72220-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar Koppe","family":"Grisolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasi\u0301lia , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia-DF, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-9687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastia\u0303o William","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia-DF, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9873-3098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"So\u0302nia Nair","family":"Ba\u0301o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil, 70910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9167-6852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcilio","family":"Cunha-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia , , , ,","place":["Brasi\u0301lia, DF, Brazil, 70.910-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-8329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcelo Henrique","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brasilia, CEP , ,","place":["Brasilia-DF, Brazil, 72220-900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","article-title":"Iron Deficiency","author":"Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2024.12.002","article-title":"Global Prevalence\nof Iron Deficiency\nAnemia and Its Variation with Different Gestational Age Systematic\nReview and Meta-Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Kebede","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition\nOpen Science"},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2024.284967","article-title":"Oral Iron\nSupplementation: New Formulations, Old Questions","author":"Pantopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000759","article-title":"Iron Deficiency\nAnaemia: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Practical Management","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ. Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.761599","article-title":"Tolerability\nof Different Oral Iron Supplements: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Cancelo-Hidalgo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0117383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117383","article-title":"Ferrous\nSulfate Supplementation Causes Significant Gastrointestinal Side-Effects\nin Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","author":"Tolkien","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073019140395200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02960-7","article-title":"Intestinal and Hepatic\nEffects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"95","author":"Voss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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Calorim."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2022.102624","article-title":"Tuning Magnetic and Luminescent Properties of Iron\nOxide@C Nanoparticles from Hydrothermal Synthesis: Influence of Precursor\nReagents","volume":"36","author":"da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.03.070","article-title":"Influence\nof Polyelectrolyte Chains on Surface Charge and Magnetization of Iron\nOxide Nanostructures","volume":"549","author":"Palomec-Garfias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem.\nEng. Asp."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073019140395200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-009-9802-z","article-title":"Effects\nof Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Polyvinyl Alcohol: Interfacial\nLayer and Bulk Nanocomposites Thin Film","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\nNanopart. Res."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.129644","article-title":"Studying the\nStructural, Thermal, Mechanical, and Dielectric Features of PVA\/Iron\nOxide@SiO2 Polymer Nanocomposites for Electrical Applications","volume":"323","author":"Al kiey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51904","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51904","article-title":"A Short Review\non Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing of Bio-Based Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"139","author":"Mandala","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026073019140395200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2022.11.024","article-title":"Multifunctional\nPolymer Composite Coatings and Adhesives by Incorporating Cellulose\nNanomaterials","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matter"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073019140395200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.08.007","article-title":"Preparation\nand Properties of Glycerol Plasticized-Starch (GPS)\/Cellulose Nanoparticle\n(CN) Composites","volume":"79","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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