{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1789807006801,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"27","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Australian Research Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This kinetic experimental analysis reports on the application of a eutectic NaCl\u2013CaCl2 salt system for the extraction of potassium from ultrapotassic microsyenite. The reaction parameters, time, temperature, salt composition, and salt to ore ratio, were systematically analyzed. It was found that a salt mixture increases the potassium cation extraction in comparison with using either pure NaCl or pure CaCl2. It was also found that adding CaCl2 into pure NaCl has a considerably stronger effect on increasing the potassium recovery than adding NaCl to pure CaCl2. The salt as a melting agent offers a reduction in the reaction temperature due to its lower melting temperature when compared to pure salts (NaCl or CaCl2). Approximately 70% of K+ in the deposit was extracted at 650 \u00b0C. Different characteristic methods have been used to understand the reaction mechanism of the salt mixture and ore, as well as to qualify and quantify the end product mineral phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T22:33:36Z","timestamp":1593210816000},"page":"16421-16429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Experimental Kinetic Analysis of Potassium Extraction\nfrom Ultrapotassic Syenite Using NaCl\u2013CaCl2 Salt\nMixture"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8980-5870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pegah","family":"Haseli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Australia , , Mawson Lakes SA , ,","place":["Adelaide, Australia, 5095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6652-4742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Australia , , Mawson Lakes SA , ,","place":["Adelaide, Australia, 5095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Christo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University , , Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus Victoria , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3216"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , Urrbrae SA , ,","place":["Adelaide, Australia, 5064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Klose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrex Metals Limited , Adelaide SA , ,","place":["Adelaide, Australia, 5000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Australia , , Mawson Lakes SA , ,","place":["Adelaide, Australia, 5095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orris, G. J.; Cocker, M. D.; Dunlap, P.; Wynn, J. C.; Spanski, G. T.; Briggs, D. A.; Gass, L.; Bliss, J. D.; Bolm, K. S.; Yang, C.\n          Potash: a Global Overview of Evaporate-Related\nPotash Rresources, Including Spatial Databases of Deposits, Occurrences,\nand Permissive Tracts: Chapter S in Global Mineral Resource Assessment;\n2328-0328; US Geological Survey, 2014.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20105090S"},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC02084G","article-title":"Aqueous alteration\nof potassium-bearing aluminosilicate\nminerals: from mechanism to processing","volume":"17","author":"Skorina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201500484","article-title":"Production and evaluation\nof potassium fertilizers from silicate rock","volume":"179","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1051\/agro\/2009023","article-title":"Mineral\nsources of potassium for plant nutrition. A review","volume":"30","author":"Manning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agron. Sustainable Dev."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.09.013","article-title":"Historical\nand technical developments\nof potassium resources","volume":"502","author":"Ciceri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2016.11.016","article-title":"Characterization\nof potassium agrominerals: Correlations between petrographic features,\ncomminution and leaching of ultrapotassic syenites","volume":"102","author":"Ciceri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2016.12.004","article-title":"Thermal treatment of a potassium-rich\nmetamorphic rock in formation of soluble K forms","volume":"159","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1039\/C7GC02633A","article-title":"Potassium fertilizer via hydrothermal\nalteration of K-feldspar ore","volume":"19","author":"Ciceri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green. Chem."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2015.05.003","article-title":"Thermal and chemical solubilization\nof verdete for use as potassium fertilizer","volume":"140","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.10.006","article-title":"The leaching kinetics of K-feldspar\nin sulfuric acid with the aid\nof ultrasound","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-016-1522-5","article-title":"Extraction and reaction mechanism\nof potassium from associated phosphorus and potassium ore","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., Mater. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(17)60211-5","article-title":"Kinetics on leaching of potassium\nfrom phosphorus\u2013potassium\nassociated ore in HCl\u2013H3PO4 media","volume":"27","author":"MA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans.\nNonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-6875(92)90066-I","article-title":"Leaching of glauconitic sand stone in acid lixiviants","volume":"5","author":"Yadav","year":"1992","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93301","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA17212H","article-title":"Hydrothermal decomposition of potassium\nfeldspar under alkaline conditions","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC. Adv."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-6724.12617","article-title":"20 years advances\nin preparation of potassium salts from potassic rocks: a review","volume":"89","author":"Hongwen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2015.05.014","article-title":"Hydrothermal decomposition of K-feldspar in KOH\u2013NaOH\u2013H\n2 O medium","volume":"156","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2017.09.006","article-title":"The extraction\nof potassium from K-feldspar ore by low temperature molten salt method","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2016.1218869","article-title":"Studies on\nextraction of potassium\nfrom feldspar by roast-leach method using phosphogypsum and sodium\nchloride","volume":"37","author":"Jena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2015.06.012","article-title":"Extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via the CaCl\n2 calcination route","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amr.524-527.1136","article-title":"The extraction\nof potassium from\nfeldspar by molten salt leaching method with composite additives","volume":"524\u2013527","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b01915","article-title":"Recovery of Potassium from K-Feldspar\nby Thermal Decomposition with Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum and\nCaCO3: Analysis of Mechanism and Kinetics","volume":"31","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2014.09.006","article-title":"Studies on extraction\nof potassium values from nepheline syenite","volume":"133","author":"Jena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-7516(93)90068-L","article-title":"Extraction\nof potassium from glauconitic\nsandstone by the roast-leach method","volume":"38","author":"Mazumder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J.\nMiner. Process."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit24","first-page":"373","article-title":"Extraction of potassium\nfrom potash feldspar by ion-exchange","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin.\nJ. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10557","DOI":"10.1021\/ie500992y","article-title":"CO2 mineralization\nof activated K-feldspar + CaCl2 slag to fix carbon and produce soluble\npotash salt","volume":"53","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5466-7","article-title":"Simultaneous mineralization of CO 2 and recovery of\nsoluble potassium using earth-abundant potassium feldspar","volume":"58","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7971","DOI":"10.1021\/ie5003284","article-title":"Mineralization\nof CO2 using natural K-feldspar and industrial solid waste to produce\nsoluble potassium","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2016.04.001","article-title":"An efficient methodology for utilization\nof K-feldspar and phosphogypsum with reduced energy consumption and\nCO2 emissions","volume":"24","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b06328","article-title":"Thermochemical\nand experimental kinetic analysis of potassium extraction from ultrapotassic\nsyenite using molten chloride salts","volume":"58","author":"Haseli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng.\nChem. Res."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit30","first-page":"146","article-title":"Extraction\nof potassium from potash\nfeldspar ores with sodium chloride [J]","volume":"2","author":"PENG","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin.\nJ. Proc. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit31","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of\nion-exchange process of potash feldspar with sodium chloride","volume":"57","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-008-9236-3","article-title":"Liquid-solid metastable\nphase equilibria for the quaternary system\n(NaCl-KCl-CaCl 2-H 2 O) at 308.15 K","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Therm.\nAnal. Calorim."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit33","first-page":"15","article-title":"X-ray fluorescence\nanalysis by fusion bead method for ores and rocks","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rigaku J."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.1300150409","article-title":"The amorphous character and particle size distributions\nof powders produced with the Micronizing Mill for quantitative x-ray\npowder diffractometry","volume":"15","author":"O\u02bcConnor","year":"1986","journal-title":"X-Ray Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1524\/zkri.2011.1437","article-title":"Description and survey\nof methodologies\nfor the determination of amorphous content via X-ray powder diffraction","volume":"226","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Z. Kristallogr. - Cryst. Mater."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-001-0227-2","article-title":"Thermodynamic evaluation and optimization of the LiCl-NaCl-KCl-RbCl-CsCl-MgCl\n2-CaCl 2 system using the modified quasi-chemical model","volume":"32","author":"Pelton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1179\/cmq.2001.40.1.33","article-title":"Thermodynamic\nphase diagram calculations and cryoscopic measurements in the NaCl-CaCl2-MgCl2-CaF2\nsystem","volume":"40","author":"Mediaas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. Metall. Q."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit38","first-page":"537","article-title":"Muscovite\ndehydroxylation; high-temperature\nstudies","volume":"72","author":"Guggenheim","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.055","article-title":"Effects of calcination\ntemperature\nof kaolinite clays on the properties of geopolymer cements","volume":"25","author":"Elimbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-012-0741-9","article-title":"Experimental\nNa\/K exchange between alkali feldspar and an NaCl\u2013KCl salt\nmelt: chemically induced fracturing and element partitioning","volume":"164","author":"Neusser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contrib. Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"2026090120004886000_cit41","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Chemistry of the Elements","author":"Greenwood","year":"1998","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c00549","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/27\/16421\/67561442\/acsomega.0c00549.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/27\/16421\/67561442\/acsomega.0c00549.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:53Z","timestamp":1788307253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/5\/27\/16421\/505258\/Experimental-Kinetic-Analysis-of-Potassium"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"27","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c00549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]}}}