{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1788333577716,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008288","name":"Alborada Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The release of crude oil and water-soluble dyes into our marine environment is a major global problem. An efficient semiconductor Ag\u2013Ag3PO4 photocatalyst was synthesized using formaldehyde as a reducing agent to form surface active Ag on Ag3PO4 under microwave radiation for heating, and its potential in destroying environmental pollutants has been examined. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of Ag\u2013Ag3PO4 revealed an enhanced absorption in the visible light region. The rate of photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B by Ag\u2013Ag3PO4 was over 4-fold compared to Ag3PO4. The potential application of Ag\u2013Ag3PO4 in oil spill remediation was also examined through photocatalytic degradation of benzene, n-hexane, and 1:1 v\/v benzene\/methanol crude oil-soluble fractions. UV\u2013vis and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis of the crude oil components after visible light irradiation showed excellent degradation. The photocatalytic efficiency enhancement of Ag\u2013Ag3PO4 is attributed to the excellent electron trapping of silver nanoparticles deposited on the surface of Ag3PO4. This work will motivate future studies to develop recyclable visible light photocatalysts for many applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T20:08:25Z","timestamp":1591042105000},"page":"13641-13655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Microwave- and Formaldehyde-Assisted Synthesis of\nAg\u2013Ag3PO4 with Enhanced Photocatalytic\nActivity for the Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye and Crude Oil Fractions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-3466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nyankson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana , , ,","place":["Accra, Ghana, LG 77"]},{"name":"University of Cambridge , , ,","place":["Cambridge, U.K., CB3 0FS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben","family":"Amedalor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana , , ,","place":["Accra, Ghana, LG 77"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauthaman","family":"Chandrabose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Open University , , ,","place":["Milton Keynes, U.K., MK7 6AA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Coto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge , , ,","place":["Cambridge, U.K., CB3 0FS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7237-9206","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Satheesh","family":"Krishnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Open University , , ,","place":["Milton Keynes, U.K., MK7 6AA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Vasant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge , , ,","place":["Cambridge, U.K., CB3 0FS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13533","DOI":"10.1021\/la503687b","article-title":"Release\nof surfactant cargo from interfacially-active halloysite clay nanotubes\nfor oil spill remediation","volume":"30","author":"Owoseni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9328","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b02032","article-title":"Surfactant-loaded\nhalloysite clay nanotube dispersants for crude oil spill remediation","volume":"54","author":"Nyankson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1c","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b00027","article-title":"Soybean lecithin as a dispersant for crude oil spills","volume":"3","author":"Nyankson","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b01403","article-title":"Interfacially active\nhydroxylated soybean lecithin dispersant for crude oil spill remediation","volume":"4","author":"Nyankson","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1e","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.10.064","article-title":"Interfacial adsorption and surfactant release characteristics\nof magnetically functionalized halloysite nanotubes for responsive\nemulsions","volume":"463","author":"Owoseni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1f","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12608","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b02862","article-title":"Effect of\nMagnesium and Sodium Salts on the Interfacial Characteristics of Soybean\nLecithin Dispersants","volume":"56","author":"Efavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1g","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11862","DOI":"10.1021\/ie5017249","article-title":"Comparison of the\neffectiveness of solid and solubilized dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate\n(DOSS) on oil dispersion using the baffled flask test, for crude oil\nspill applications","volume":"53","author":"Nyankson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1h","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-015-2727-5","article-title":"Advancements in crude oil spill remediation\nresearch after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","volume":"227","author":"Nyankson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit1i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-4445-x","article-title":"Potential Application of Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate\nSalt (DOSS)-Saponin Binary Dispersant in Oil Spill Remediation: Synergistic\nInteraction Between DOSS and Saponin","volume":"231","author":"Nyankson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water,\nAir, Soil Pollut"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109545108","article-title":"Genomic and physiological\nfootprint of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on resident marsh fishes","volume":"109","author":"Whitehead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440480","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2018.1440480","article-title":"Synthesis and characterisation of\nzeolite-A and Zn-exchanged zeolite-A based on natural aluminosilicates\nand their potential applications","volume":"5","author":"Nyankson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Engineering"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00681","article-title":"The effect\nof titanium dioxide synthesis technique and its photocatalytic degradation\nof organic dye pollutants","volume":"4","author":"Dodoo-Arhin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit5a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2006.12.001","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation\nof 2,4,6-trichlorophenol using lanthanum doped ZnO in aqueous suspension","volume":"8","author":"Anandan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit5b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01969","article-title":"Ag2CO3-halloysite\nnanotubes composite with enhanced removal efficiency for water soluble\ndyes","volume":"5","author":"Nyankson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit5c","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtadv.2019.100025","article-title":"Removal of water-soluble dyes and pharmaceutical wastes\nby combining the photocatalytic properties of Ag3PO4 with the adsorption\nproperties of halloysite nanotubes","volume":"4","author":"Nyankson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today\nAdv."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.01.004","article-title":"Recent\nadvances in photoinduced catalysis for water splitting and environmental\napplications","volume":"72","author":"Agbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit5e","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270310","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4270310","article-title":"Synthesis and Application of Fe-Doped TiO2-Halloysite Nanotubes Composite\nand Their Potential Application in Water Treatment","volume":"2019","author":"Nyankson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit5f","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15975","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02042","article-title":"Tetrahedral\nUMOFNs\/Ag3PO4 Core-Shell Photocatalysts for Enhanced Photocatalytic\nActivity under Visible Light","volume":"4","author":"Kusutaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/238037a0","article-title":"Electrochemical photolysis of water\nat a semiconductor electrode","volume":"238","author":"Fujishima","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.12.038","article-title":"One-pot pyridine-assisted synthesis of visible-light-driven photocatalyst\nAg\/Ag3PO4","volume":"115-116","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit8a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7808","DOI":"10.1039\/c5cs00380f","article-title":"Efficient\nvisible driven\nphotocatalyst, silver phosphate: performance, understanding and perspective","volume":"44","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit8b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2006.01.014","article-title":"Efficiency\nof solar water splitting using semiconductor electrodes","volume":"31","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit9a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2019.109164","article-title":"Fabrication of a ternary\nheterostructure BiVO4 quantum\ndots\/C60\/g-C3N4 photocatalyst with enhanced\nphotocatalytic activity","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit9b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.05.093","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride\nquantum dots and nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots co-decorated with\nBiVO4 microspheres: A ternary heterostructure photocatalyst for water\npurification","volume":"226","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2780","article-title":"An orthophosphate\nsemiconductor with photooxidation properties under visible-light irradiation","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203738764","volume-title":"Standard Potentials in\nAqueous Solution","author":"Bard","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit12a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00847","article-title":"Dynamics of Charge-Transfer\nBehavior in a Plasmon-Induced Quasi- Type-II p\u2013n\/n\u2013n\nDual Heterojunction in Ag@Ag3PO4\/g-C3N4\/NiFe LDH Nanocomposites for\nPhotocatalytic Cr(VI) Reduction and Phenol Oxidation","volume":"3","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit12b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122960","article-title":"Facile synthesis of 2D\/2D Co3(PO4) 2\/g-C3N4 heterojunction\nfor highly photocatalytic overall water splitting under visible light","volume":"382","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit13a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1021\/ja076503n","article-title":"A plasmonic photocatalyst consisting of silver nanoparticles\nembedded in titanium dioxide","volume":"130","author":"Awazu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit13b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7931","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200802483","article-title":"Ag@AgCl: A Highly Efficient and Stable\nPhotocatalyst Active under Visible Light","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.03.022","article-title":"Anion-exchange\nsynthesis of Ag2S\/Ag3PO4 core\/shell composites with enhanced visible\nand NIR light photocatalytic performance and the photocatalytic mechanisms","volume":"209","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit15a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152883","article-title":"Three-dimensional Z-Scheme Ag3PO4\/Co3(PO4)2@Ag heterojunction\nfor improved visible-light photocatalytic degradation activity of\ntetracycline","volume":"818","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit15b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/s1872-2067(16)62570-6","article-title":"Construction\nof Ag 3 PO 4 \/Ag 2 MoO 4 Z-scheme heterogeneous photocatalyst for\nthe remediation of organic pollutants","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin.\nJ. Catal."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20132","DOI":"10.1021\/jp303219j","article-title":"Ag3PO4 oxygen\nevolution photocatalyst employing synergistic action of Ag\/AgBr nanoparticles\nand graphene sheets","volume":"116","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit17a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2011.11.001","article-title":"Highly efficient and stable Ag\/Ag3PO4\nplasmonic photocatalyst in visible light","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catal.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit17b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.09.086","article-title":"Enhanced photoactivity on Ag\/Ag3PO4 composites by plasmonic effect","volume":"392","author":"Gondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122200","article-title":"Continuous photocatalytic removal of chromium (VI) with structurally\nstable and porous Ag\/Ag3PO4\/reduced graphene oxide microspheres","volume":"370","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2017.03.002","article-title":"Tuning\nthe properties\nof a black TiO 2 -Ag visible light photocatalyst produced by a rapid\none-pot chemical reduction","volume":"4","author":"Coto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9060","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta11254c","article-title":"Fabrication of Ag\/Ag3PO4\/TiO2 heterostructure\nphotoelectrodes for efficient decomposition of 2-chlorophenol under\nvisible light irradiation","volume":"1","author":"Teng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3700\/8\/12\/013","article-title":"K X-ray emission spectra of Mg and Al","volume":"8","author":"Krause","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/catal8020045","article-title":"Synthesis of Ag3PO4\/G-C3N4\nComposite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for the Photodegradation\nof Diclofenac under Visible Light Irradiation","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.09.097","article-title":"Well-designed ZnV2O6\/g-C3N4 2D\/2D\nnanosheets heterojunction with\nfaster charges separation via pCN as mediator towards enhanced photocatalytic\nreduction of CO2 to fuels","volume":"242","author":"Bafaqeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit24","volume-title":"Microwaves\nin Organic Synthesis","author":"Stuerga","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5570","DOI":"10.1021\/es101223n","article-title":"New type of BiPO4 oxy-acid\nsalt photocatalyst with high photocatalytic\nactivity on degradation of dye","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.07.111","article-title":"Photochemical degradation\nof crude oil: Comparison between direct irradiation, photocatalysis,\nand photocatalysis on zeolite","volume":"164","author":"D\u2019Auria","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37220","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ra06254j","article-title":"Fabrication of robust\nM\/Ag3PO4(M = Pt, Pd, Au) Schottky-type heterostructures\nfor improved visible-light photocatalysis","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC\nAdv."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10612","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta12061a","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic\nactivity of Ag\/Ag3PO4 coaxial hetero-nanowires","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200602386","article-title":"UV-Light-Induced Swelling\nand Visible-Light-Induced\nShrinking of a TiO2-Containing Redox Gel","volume":"19","author":"Tatsuma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"key":"2026090203091040000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2012.05.043","article-title":"In situ capture of\nactive species and oxidation mechanism of RhB and MB dyes over sunlight-driven\nAg\/Ag3PO4 plasmonic nanocatalyst","volume":"125","author":"Teng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Catal.,\nB"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c00670","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/23\/13641\/67646127\/acsomega.0c00670.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/23\/13641\/67646127\/acsomega.0c00670.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:09:19Z","timestamp":1788332959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/5\/23\/13641\/504456\/Microwave-and-Formaldehyde-Assisted-Synthesis-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c00670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}