{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1793160440657,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFD0200706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0200706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003091","name":"Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019JZZY010723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY010723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urea phosphate (UP) is an acidic compound fertilizer, which significantly improves the low efficiency of P application caused by high pH in saline-alkali soil. In this study, urea phosphate potassium (UPK) was prepared by adding potassium chloride (KCl) to modify urea phosphate (UP) and the optimal combination of the synthetic process parameters was obtained using the response surface methodology at a four-variable, three-level experiment Box\u2013Behnken design. Parameters such as the reaction temperature, KCl molar number, reaction time, and concentration of phosphoric acid were included for optimization. The thermostability, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology of UPK were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The fertilizer efficiency was validated in an experiment on maize grown in pots containing saline-alkali soil. The highest K2O content and UPK yield were obtained by using the following parameters: reaction time of 60 min, KCl of 0.32 mol, reaction temperature of 78 \u00b0C, and phosphoric acid concentration of 70%. Under optimal conditions, the predicted K2O value content and UPK yield were 3.51% and 69.8%, respectively. The experimental K2O content and UPK yield were 3.42 \u00b1 0.35% and 67.58 \u00b1 1.25%, respectively, which confirmed the strength of the predicted model. This model can be used as an effective tool to predict the K2O content and yield in UPK. Characterizations showed that KCl was uniformly distributed in UPK and its fluidity was effectively improved as observed in the angle-of-repose results. Compared to a conventional phosphorus fertilizer diammonium phosphate (DAP), the yield, total P use efficiency, soil available phosphorus content, and soil acid phosphatase activity of UPK increased significantly by 25.58, 174.5, 24.41, and 41.25%, respectively, and the soil pH on UPK treatments decreased by 3.98% significantly. In conclusion, this novel technology to modify UP by using KCl has an enormous potential for large-scale applications to satisfy the increasing demand for UP fertilizers on saline-alkali soil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T14:47:41Z","timestamp":1594133261000},"page":"17255-17265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Potassium Chloride-Modified Urea Phosphate with Response\nSurface Optimization and Its Application Effect on Maize in Saline-Alkali\nSoil"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Guiting","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida , , , ,","place":["Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32611"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-3393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]},{"name":"Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Ltd. , , , ,","place":["Linshu, Shandong, China, 276700"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-1112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Agricultural University , , , ,","place":["Tai\u2019an, Shandong, China, 271018"]},{"name":"Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Ltd. , , , ,","place":["Linshu, Shandong, China, 276700"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090207112794600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcv182","article-title":"Crop acquisition\nof phosphorus, iron and zinc from soil in cereal\/legume intercropping\nsystems: a critical review","volume":"117","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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Fert."},{"key":"2026090207112794600_cit18","first-page":"16","article-title":"Study on\nthe process of full water-soluble\nhigh-analysis NPK compound fertilizer","volume":"35","author":"Mu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind Miner\nProcess."},{"key":"2026090207112794600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.019","article-title":"Response\nsurface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical\nchemistry","volume":"76","author":"Bezerra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090207112794600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.024","article-title":"Modeling and optimization,\nI: Usability\nof response surface methodology","volume":"78","author":"Bas\u0327","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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