{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:12:45Z","timestamp":1789488765064,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011609","name":"Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/2016\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/2016\/05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current rate of industrial production of titanium dioxide, from natural ilmenite, is around 6500 kT per annum. The two main processes used, namely, sulfate and chloride processes, require concentrated corrosive acids and drastic conditions, such as 1000 \u00b0C, in open processes, thus contributing to considerable costs and environmental pollution. To reduce the cost and impact to the environment, a closed process involving a rotatory autoclaving followed by refluxing and stationary solvothermal treatment of ilmenite, below 170 \u00b0C, was developed. The as-synthesized product is 100% pure titanium dioxide in its amorphous state (24% crystallinity), which has nanorods arranged in a flowerlike morphology. This can be converted to over 99% pure anatase phase with 90% crystallinity and 100% pure rutile phase nanorods with 98% crystallinity by calcining at 350 and 650 \u00b0C, respectively. The direct band gaps of the three materials are 3. 40, 3.60, and 3.15 eV, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T10:31:05Z","timestamp":1591957865000},"page":"16176-16182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Nonhazardous Process for Extracting Pure Titanium\nDioxide Nanorods from Geogenic Ilmenite"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Tharindu P. B.","family":"Rajakaruna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka , , ,","place":["Belihuloya, Sri Lanka, 70140"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-7816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chandana P.","family":"Udawatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka , , ,","place":["Belihuloya, Sri Lanka, 70140"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohana","family":"Chandrajith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peradeniya , , ,","place":["Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M. Gamini","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peradeniya , , ,","place":["Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1039\/b008974p","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis\nof nanosized anatase and rutile TiO2 using amorphous phase TiO2","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/24\/19\/195503","article-title":"The electronic\nstructure and optical\nresponse of rutile, anatase and brookite TiO2","volume":"24","author":"Landmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/353737a0","article-title":"A low-cost,\nhigh-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized\ncolloidal TiO2 films","volume":"353","author":"O\u2019Regan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2006.08.004","article-title":"Synthesis and structural characterization of novel\nflower-like titanium dioxide nanostructures","volume":"390","author":"Castan\u0303eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. B"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08827500600564242","article-title":"Chemistry\nand mineralogy of titanium-rich slags. Part\n1. hemo-ilmenite, sulphate, and upgrading titanium slags","volume":"28","author":"Gue\u0301guin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2007.01.003","article-title":"Hydrometallurgical\nCriteria for TiO2 Leaching from Rosetta Ilmenite by Hydrochloric Acid","volume":"87","author":"El-Hazek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2009.02.009","article-title":"An electrochemical\nstudy of the reduction and dissolution\nof ilmenite in sulfuric acid solutions","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1108\/03699429910271297","article-title":"TiO2 manufacture and\nlife cycle analysis","volume":"28","author":"Reck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pigm. Resin Technol."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit9","unstructured":"Wahyuningsih, S.; Ramelan, A. H.; Pramono, E.; Djatisulistya, A.\n          Titanium\nDioxide Production by Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Roasting Ilmenite\nSand\n          J. Sci. Res. Publ.\n          2014, 4, ISSN 2250-3153."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012405826498","article-title":"Kinetic model for the reaction of ilmenite with sulphuric\nacid","volume":"65","author":"Jab\u0142on\u0301ski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit11","unstructured":"Roche, E. G.; Stuart, A. D.; Grazier, P. E.\n          Production\nof Titania. WO Patent WO2004035841 A12004."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit12","unstructured":"Berkovich, S. A.\n          \n          Recovery of\nTitanium from Ores. US Patent US39032391975."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app7010049","article-title":"FTIR and Raman Characterization of\nTiO2 Nanoparticles coated with Polyethylene Glycol as carrier for\n2-Methoxyestradiol","volume":"7","author":"Leo\u0301n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/24\/19\/195503","article-title":"The electronic structure and optical\nresponse of rutile, anatase, and brookite TiO2","volume":"24","author":"Landmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2174\/1874088X01004020009","article-title":"Study of the Bandgap of Synthesized\nTitanium Dioxide Nanoparticules Using the Sol-Gel Method and a Hydrothermal\nTreatment","volume":"4","author":"Valencia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Mater. Sci. J."},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-386X(02)00063-4","article-title":"Kinetics\nof ilmenite dissolution in hydrochloric acid","volume":"65","author":"van Dyk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"2026091511103587400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aa5bab","article-title":"Synthesis of mesoporous\nnanoparticles of TiO2 from\nilmenite","volume":"4","author":"Gharakhlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Res. 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