{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:16:10Z","timestamp":1788347770292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"45","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009465","name":"Corporaci\u00f3n de Fomento de la Producci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ENI2-71940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ENI2-71940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT17M10001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT17M10001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Chile, one of the ways in which small-scale mining industries sustain themselves is through the sale of copper ores to the state company ENAMI, which monetizes this product depending on the copper\u2019s mineral grade. To sell this mineral, small mining companies must transport the product to ENAMI, which means a high monetary cost, added to the fact that there are large amounts of waste minerals that cannot be sold because of their low grade. The present work aims that small miners can process these copper ores in situ to commercialize a more valuable product, such as copper salts. Considering the high solar radiation and the scarce superficial water resources found in the north side of the country, a possible process alternative is the leaching of the ores using acid seawater solutions followed by crystallization by solar evaporation. As a necessary tool for this process design, the present work has developed a model able to predict the copper sulfate pentahydrate crystallization from multicomponent solutions, preventing the co-precipitation of undesired compounds (such as iron salts, sodium chloride, and sodium sulphate among others) that contaminate the final product. The Pitzer thermodynamic model was successfully applied to predict the crystallization process of copper sulfate pentahydrate from synthetic leaching solutions. These results were validated through experimental tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c03615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T08:12:36Z","timestamp":1604477556000},"page":"29073-29080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thermodynamic Model for the Design of a Process of\nProduction of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate from Copper Ores"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Francisca J.","family":"Justel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Te\u0301cnica Federico Santa Mari\u0301a , , ,","place":["Valparai\u0301so, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u0301a E.","family":"Taboada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Antofagasta , , Avenida Angamos 601 , ,","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n Cienti\u0301fico Tecnolo\u0301gico para la Mineri\u0301a (CICITEM) , Av. Minera Michilla 530, Sector La Negra , ,","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa K.","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n Cienti\u0301fico Tecnolo\u0301gico para la Mineri\u0301a (CICITEM) , Av. Minera Michilla 530, Sector La Negra , ,","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He\u0301ctor R.","family":"Galleguillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Antofagasta , , Avenida Angamos 601 , ,","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5830-1194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teo\u0301filo A.","family":"Graber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Antofagasta , , Avenida Angamos 601 , ,","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n Cienti\u0301fico Tecnolo\u0301gico para la Mineri\u0301a (CICITEM) , Av. Minera Michilla 530, Sector La Negra , ,","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit1","volume-title":"Anuario de la Mineri\u0301a de Chile 2015","author":"SERNAGEOMIN.","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-6632.20150323s00003393","article-title":"Solubilities\nand physical properties\nof saturated solutions in the copper sulfate + sulfuric acid + seawater\nsystem at different temperatures","volume":"32","author":"Justel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit3","volume-title":"Best Practices and Efficient\nUse of Water in the Mining Industry","author":"Brantes","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit4","unstructured":"Cochilco.\n          .  Water Consumption Forecast in Copper Mining 2018\u20132029. DEPP 22\/2017,2018."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(80)90287-2","article-title":"The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters:\nthe Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system from zero to\nhigh concentration at 25\u00b0 C","volume":"44","author":"Harvie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(87)90295-x","article-title":"Thermodynamics of\nconcentrated electrolyte mixtures\nand the prediction of mineral solubilities to high temperatures for\nmixtures in the system Na-K-Mg-Cl-SO4-OH-H2O","volume":"51","author":"Pabalan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(88)90354-7","article-title":"The prediction\nof mineral solubilities in natural waters: A chemical equilibrium\nmodel for the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system, to high\ntemperature and concentration","volume":"52","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(89)90124-5","article-title":"The prediction\nof mineral solubilities in natural waters:\nA chemical equilibrium model for the Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system to high concentration from 0 to 250 C","volume":"53","author":"Greenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. 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Res."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.11.083","article-title":"Thermodynamic study of the Cu-Na-H-SO4-Cl-HSO4-H2O system for the solubility\nof copper sulfate in acid seawater at different temperatures","volume":"249","author":"Justel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4067\/s0718-07642019000200283","article-title":"Aplicacio\u0301n\ndel Modelo de Interaccio\u0301n Io\u0301nica de Pitzer para determinar\nCoeficientes de Actividad en Salmueras Naturales con Presencia de\nBoro","volume":"30","author":"Garce\u0301s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Tecnol."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1021\/j100621a026","article-title":"Thermodynamics\nof electrolytes. I. Theoretical basis and general equations","volume":"77","author":"Pitzer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00825a004","article-title":"Thermodynamics of\nelectrolytes. IV. Activity and osmotic\ncoefficients for mixed electrolytes","volume":"96","author":"Pitzer","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(88)90296-7","article-title":"Heat capacity and\nother thermodynamic properties of\nNa2SO4(aq) in hydrothermal solutions and the\nsolubilities of sodium sulfate minerals in the system Na-Cl-SO4-OH-H2O to 300\u00b0C","volume":"52","author":"Pabalan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Geochim.\nCosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit18","article-title":"Activity\ncoefficients\nin natural waters","volume-title":"Activity Coefficients in\nElectrolyte Solutions","author":"Clegg","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00646413","article-title":"Thermodynamics of electrolytes. Binary mixtures formed\nfrom aqueous NaCl, Na2SO4, CuCl2,\nand CuSO4, at 25\u00b0 C","volume":"5","author":"Downes","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Solution\nChem."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00646562","article-title":"Thermodynamics\nof electrolytes. V. Effects of higher-order electrostatic terms","volume":"4","author":"Pitzer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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Thermodyn."},{"key":"2026090206454552900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1521-4079(199909)34:8&lt;959::aid-crat959&gt;3.0.co;2-x","article-title":"Effect of selected\nparameters on crystallization of copper sulphate\npentahydrate","volume":"34","author":"Giulietti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c03615","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/45\/29073\/67695166\/acsomega.0c03615.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/45\/29073\/67695166\/acsomega.0c03615.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:45:52Z","timestamp":1788345952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/5\/45\/29073\/496383\/Thermodynamic-Model-for-the-Design-of-a-Process-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"45","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c03615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]}}}