{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:03:55Z","timestamp":1791925435488,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccbyncnd_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drilling fluids have a crucial continued role in drilling a successful well; however, most of the drilling technical and operational challenges are incorporated with the drilling mud stability and properties. The solid particles settling in drilling mud that deteriorates its stability is a common issue encountered in high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. This issue, known as solids sagging, may eventually result in stuck pipes, wellbore instability, and loss of circulation. The objective of this work is to introduce garamite to enhance the stability of hematite-based invert emulsion mud under HPHT situations. The used garamite and hematite weighting material were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size distribution to identify their compositions, morphologies, and particle sizes. The effects of adding different concentrations of garamite (0.5, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 g) to the field formula of hematite-based invert emulsion mud were investigated. The mud density, stability, sagging tendency, rheology, viscoelasticity, and filtration properties were studied to formulate a stabilized and distinguished-performance drilling mud. The obtained results indicated that garamite did not change the mud density while enhancing the emulsion stability by increasing the electrical stability proportionally with the added garamite quantity. The sagging experiments showed that adding 1.25 g of garamite is sufficient to prevent the sagging problem in both static and dynamic conditions as it was enough to enforce the sag parameters into the safe range of sag performance indicators. This 1.25 g of garamite improved the yield point by 152% from 19 to 48 lb.\/100 ft2 with a slight increase in plastic viscosity from 14 cP for base mud to 18 cP and significant increase in the gelling strength and viscoelastic properties. Adding 1.25 g of garamite showed a slight enhancement in the filtration properties as the filtrate volume was reduced by 8% from 3.7 to 3.4 cm3 and the filter cake thickness has 16% reduction from 2.69 to 2.26 mm. As a result, a mud with distinguished performance, in terms of rheology, suspension, sag performance, and stability, was obtained. Hence, a basis for safely drilling the HPHT formations was delivered, which reduces the drilling cost by minimizing the nonproductive time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T01:03:02Z","timestamp":1607734982000},"page":"32689-32696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Enhancing Hematite-Based Invert Emulsion Mud Stability\nat High-Pressure High-Temperature Wells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem","family":"Basfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-3715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salaheldin","family":"Elkatatny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-5453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahul","family":"Gajbhiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit1","volume-title":"Composition and Properties\nof Drilling and Completion Fluids","author":"Caenn","year":"2011","edition":"6"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2118\/9781555630010","volume-title":"Applied Drilling Engineering","author":"Bourgoyne","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omland, T. 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S.; Murtaza, M.; Stanitzek, T.\n          Prevention of\nbarite sagging while drilling high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT)\nwells. In  proceedings of the SPE Kingdom of\nSaudi Arabia annual technical symposium and exhibition; Society of Petroleum Engineers: Dammam,\nSaudi Arabia, 23\u201326 April 2018. Paper SPE-192198-MS. DOI: 10.2118\/192198-MS.","DOI":"10.2118\/192198-MS"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson, P. M.; Trigg, T. K., Jr., Rachal, G.; Zamora, M.\n          Investigation\nof barite sag in weighted drilling fluids in highly deviated wells. In  proceedings of the SPE annual technical conference and\nexhibition; Society of Petroleum Engineers: New Orleans, Louisiana, 23\u201326\nSeptember 1990. Paper SPE-20423-MS. DOI: 10.2118\/20423-MS.","DOI":"10.2118\/20423-MS"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bern, P. A.; Zamora, M.; Slater, K. S.; Hearn, P. J.\n          The influence\nof drilling variables on barite sag. In  proceedings\nof the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition; Society of Petroleum Engineers: Denver,\nColorado, 6\u20139 October 1996. Paper\nSPE-36670-MS. DOI: 10.2118\/36670-MS.","DOI":"10.2118\/36670-MS"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit30","first-page":"66","article-title":"Barite sag in drilling fluids","volume":"4","author":"Ehrhorn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Trans. Nord. Rheol. Soc."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dye, W.; Hemphill, T.; Gusler, W.; Mullen, G.\n          Correlation of\nultra-low shear rate viscosity and dynamic barite sag in invert-emulsion\ndrilling fluids. In  proceedings of the SPE\nAnnual Technical Conference and Exhibition; Society of Petroleum Engineers: Houston\nTexas, 3\u20136 October 1999. Paper\nSPE-56636-MS. DOI: 10.2118\/56636-MS.","DOI":"10.2118\/56636-MS"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit32","first-page":"181","article-title":"Rheological\nanalysis of static and dynamic sag in drilling fluids","volume":"15","author":"Maxey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Trans. Nord. Rheol. Soc."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1080\/10916461003662992","article-title":"The Best Common Ways to Manage Barite Sag in HPHT and\nDeviated Operations with a Case Study in the Iran Oil Industry","volume":"29","author":"Amighi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2011.04.018","article-title":"Experimental study\nof dynamic barite sag in oil-based drilling fluids using a modified\nrotational viscometer and a flow loop","volume":"78","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pet.\nSci. 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Eng."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205617","article-title":"Prevention of Barite\nSag in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids Using a Mixture of Barite and Ilmenite\nas Weighting Material","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05516-2","article-title":"Prevention of hematite settling using synthetic layered\nsilicate while drilling high-pressure wells","volume":"13","author":"Basfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2118\/99-13-11","article-title":"Barite Segregation\nin Inclined Boreholes","volume":"38","author":"Skalle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Can. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit41","unstructured":"Temple, C.; Paterson, A. F.; Leith, C. D.\n          Method for\nreducing sag in drilling, completion and workover fluids. U.S. Patent US6861393, 2005."},{"key":"2026092106165815500_cit42","unstructured":"Davis, C. L.; Livanec, P. W.; Shumway, W. W.\n          Additive to\nenhance sag stability of drilling fluid. 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