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Street COC is commonly adulterated with pharmaceutical compounds that mimic or intensify the COC\u2019s sensory effect. Adulteration is performed to increase the profit of criminal organizations and each one has their own way of doing it. Therefore, determining the composition of seized COC samples (chemical profile) provides evidence for the police to track criminal organization networks and their activity patterns. Using filter paper as a substrate, we developed a multiple detection paper-based analytical device (PAD) that combines colorimetric and electrochemical measurements to discriminate COC samples according to adulterant\u2019s content. A regular graphite lead modified with a gold film made from Au leaf (graphite\/Au) to improve electron transfer was used as a working electrode. Silver and Ag\/AgCl were used as auxiliary and reference electrodes, respectively. The colorimetric device was patterned using a laser cutter and coupled to the electrochemical device using a double-sided tape, allowing simultaneous analysis to gather more analytical information about COC samples. Graphite\/Au was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopies and electrochemical assays. The simultaneous colorimetric and electrochemical analyses combined to principal component analysis improved the analytical characterization of COC trial samples and provided a fast discrimination based on the assembled database.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T10:48:00Z","timestamp":1609498080000},"page":"594-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Combined Colorimetric and Electrochemical Measurement\nPaper-Based Device for Chemometric Proof-of-Concept Analysis of Cocaine\nSamples"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5850-2033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wilson A.","family":"Ameku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0800-077X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josue\u0301 M.","family":"Gonc\u0327alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-0033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanessa N.","family":"Ataide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9035-9839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mauro S.","family":"Ferreira Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9759-7920","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivano G. R.","family":"Gutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-4592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Koiti","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0375-4513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thiago R. L. C.","family":"Paixa\u0303o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cie\u0302ncia e Tecnologia de Bioanali\u0301tica , , ,","place":["Campinas, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 13084-971"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit1","unstructured":"United Nation Office on Drug and Crime.\n          .  World Drug Report 2019; United Nations Publication: Vienna, 2019, Sales No. E.19.XI.8."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.033","article-title":"The Cutting of Cocaine and Heroin:\nA Critical Review","volume":"262","author":"Brose\u0301us","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.04.008","article-title":"Chemical Profiling:\nA Tool to Decipher the Structure and Organisation of Illicit Drug\nMarkets","volume":"266","author":"Brose\u0301us","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-5053.20150321","article-title":"Chemical\nProfiling of Street Cocaine from Different Brazilian Regions","volume":"27","author":"Maldaner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.03.012","article-title":"Development\nof an Electroanalytical Method for the Quantification of Aminopyrine\nin Seized Cocaine Samples","volume":"121","author":"de Araujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.08.082","article-title":"Portable\nand Low-Cost Colorimetric Office Paper-Based Device for Phenacetin\nDetection in Seized Cocaine Samples","volume":"176","author":"da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01057","article-title":"Gold\nNanoparticle Paper-Based Dual-Detection Device for Forensics Applications","volume":"2","author":"Ameku","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00072","article-title":"Simple and Sensitive\nPaper-Based Device Coupling Electrochemical Sample Pretreatment and\nColorimetric Detection","volume":"88","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5000224","article-title":"Multilayer Paper-Based Device for Colorimetric and\nElectrochemical Quantification of Metals","volume":"86","author":"Rattanarat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.11.021","article-title":"Gold\nLeaf: From Gilding to the Fabrication of Disposable, Wearable and\nLow-Cost Electrodes","volume":"179","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit27","unstructured":"Inaba, M.\n          \n          Tarnishing of\nSilver: A Short Review. http:\/\/www.vam.ac.uk\/content\/journals\/conservation-journal\/issue-18\/tarnishing-of-silver-a-short-review\/ (accessed August 15, 2020)."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50771h","article-title":"Paper-Based Electroanalytical Devices with an Integrated,\nStable Reference Electrode","volume":"13","author":"Lan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(95)04499-x","article-title":"Cyclic Voltammetry\nat Gold Single-Crystal Surfaces. Part 1. Behaviour at Low-Index Faces","volume":"407","author":"Hamelin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20170132","article-title":"Nanoporous Gold Surface: An Efficient Platform for\nHydrogen Evolution Reaction at Very Low Overpotential","volume":"29","author":"Sukeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-016-3228-1","article-title":"Identification of Low-Index\nCrystal Planes of Polycrystalline Gold on the Basis of Electrochemical\nOxide Layer Formation","volume":"20","author":"Jeyabharathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit32","unstructured":"Quimiometria\u2500Conceitos, Me\u0301todos e Aplicac\u0327o\u0303es; Ferreira, M. M. C., Ed; EDITORA UNICAMP: Campinas, 2015."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1905968","article-title":"Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile\nTool in Electroanalysis","volume":"2017","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.10.004","article-title":"Electrodeposited Honeycomb-like Dendritic Porous Gold\nSurface: An Efficient Platform for Enzyme-Free Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor\nat Low Overpotential","volume":"805","author":"Sukeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.125","article-title":"Correlating\nSurface Growth of Nanoporous Gold with Electrodeposition Parameters\nto Optimize Amperometric Sensing of Nitrite","volume":"263","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.10.022","article-title":"Amperometric Microsensor\nBased on Nanoporous Gold for Ascorbic Acid Detection in Highly Acidic\nBiological Extracts","volume":"1095","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.04.082","article-title":"Electrochemical Behaviour of Dipyrone (Metamizole)\nand Others Pyrazolones","volume":"273","author":"Bacil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. 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Nova"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2013.04.068","article-title":"Graphite\nNanoplatelet\/Pyromellitic Dianhydride Melt Modified PPC Composites:\nPreparation and Characterization","volume":"54","author":"Barreto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2009.11.081","article-title":"Green Synthesis\nof Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis","volume":"42","author":"Philip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. E"},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.1039\/c6nj00450d","article-title":"Facet-Dependent Nonenzymatic\nGlucose Sensing Properties of Cu2O Cubes and Octahedra","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2015.1043662","article-title":"Gold Nanostructured Surface for Electrochemical\nSensing and Biosensing: Does Shape Matter?","volume":"49","author":"Drbohlavova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"2026090210224370400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12919","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp00757a","article-title":"Nanoporous Gold: A New Material for\nCatalytic and Sensor Applications","volume":"12","author":"Wittstock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem.\nChem. 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