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Marshall and J. Robin Warren in 1982, and more than 90% of duodenal ulcers and about 80% of gastric ulcers are caused by H. pylori infection. Most detection methods require sophisticated instruments and professional operators, making detection slow and expensive. Therefore, it is critical to develop a simple, fast, highly specific, and practical strategy for the detection of H. pylori. In this study, we used H. pylori as a target to select unique aptamers that can be used for the detection of H. pylori. In our study, we used random ssDNA as an initial library to screen nucleic acid aptamers for H. pylori. We used binding rate and the fluorescence intensity to identify candidate aptamers. One DNA aptamer, named HPA-2, was discovered through six rounds of positive selection and three rounds of negative selection, and it had the highest affinity constant of all aptamers tested (Kd = 19.3 \u00b1 3.2 nM). This aptamer could be used to detect H. pylori and showed no specificity for other bacteria. Moreover, we developed a new sensor to detect H. pylori with the naked eye for 5 min using illumination from a hand-held flashlight. Our study provides a framework for the development of other aptamer-based methods for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T14:14:37Z","timestamp":1611238477000},"page":"3771-3779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Rapid Detection of\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    by the Naked Eye Using DNA Aptamers"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9298-7065","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hangjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lide","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingcan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4409-3766","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingsheng","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Ocean University , , ,","place":["Lianyungang, PR China, 222005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit1","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Unidentified curved\nbacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis","volume":"1","author":"Warren","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mixed Gastric Infections\nand Infection with Other Helicobacter Species","author":"Hazell","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit3","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Muscus, Helicobacter\npylori","author":"Miller","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-19-2-257","article-title":"Unusual cellular fatty acids and\ndistinctive ultrastructure in a new spiral bacterium (Campylobacter\npyloridis) from the human gastric mucosa","volume":"19","author":"Goodwin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J.\nMed. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.10.4.720","article-title":"Helicobacter\npylori","volume":"10","author":"Dunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01969526","article-title":"Microbiological aspects of Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter\npylori)","volume":"9","author":"Goodwin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit7","unstructured":"Huang, M. C.; Shane, G. T.; Yang, C. H.; Chen, K. Y.\n          Composition\nfor the Treatment and Prevention of Peptic Ulcer.\nU.S. Patent 20,080,145,409 A1, 2008; 11,\n424\u2013439."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(97)80017-0","article-title":"What is the role of Helicobacter pylori in complicated\nulcer disease?","volume":"113","author":"Vaira","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069076","article-title":"Helicobacter\npylori SabA Adhesin\nin Persistent Infection and Chronic Inflammation","volume":"297","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.07.014","article-title":"Helicobacter\npylori-induced chronic\ninflammation causes telomere shortening of gastric mucosa by promoting\nPARP-1-mediated non-homologous end joining of DNA","volume":"606","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-8579(01)00304-1","article-title":"Eradication of Helicobacter pylori\nfrom the stomach and duodenum of patients with duodenal ulcers","volume":"17","author":"Konorev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit12","first-page":"707","article-title":"[The channels\nfor important new knowledge to medical doctors. The case of Helicobacter\npylori and stomach and duodenal ulcers.]","volume":"87","author":"Jo\u0301nsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-017-1190-x","article-title":"Ulcus duodeni, Ulcus ventriculi und\nHelicobacter pylori","volume":"50","author":"Dovjak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa001999","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection and the Development of\nGastric Cancer","volume":"345","author":"Uemura","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0b013e318046eac3","article-title":"Helicobacter\npylori infection and development of gastric cancer in Korea: long-term\nfollow-up","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00005","article-title":"Helicobacter\npylori\nand Gastric Cancer: Adaptive Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Disease\nProgression","volume":"9","author":"Di\u0301az","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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J.\nGastroenterol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.027649","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric\npathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models","volume":"10","author":"Burkitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529309098245","article-title":"Helicobacter\npylori Serology in Patients with Gastric Carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Kuipers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.018","article-title":"Multiplex\nserology of Helicobacter\npylori antigens in detection of current infection and atrophic gastritis\n- A simple and cost-efficient method","volume":"119","author":"Shafaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb.\nPathog."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit23","first-page":"306","article-title":"\u223c (15)N-urea\ntracing emission spectroscopy for\ndetecting the infection of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nuclear Med."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.06.006","article-title":"New FTIR methodology\nfor the evaluation of 13C\/12C isotope ratio in Helicobacter pylori\ninfection diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Motta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2836(02)00879-3","article-title":"Structure\nof the Neutrophil-activating Protein from Helicobacter pylori","volume":"323","author":"Zanotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.ra118.001888","article-title":"The crystal structure\nof the Helicobacter pylori LlaJI.R1 N-terminal domain provides a model\nfor site-specific DNA binding","volume":"293","author":"Hosford","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.29252\/.23.4.297","article-title":"The Inhibitory\nEffect of Mouse Gastric\nDNA on Amplification of Helicobacter pylori Genomic DNA in Quantitative\nPCR","volume":"23","author":"Alikhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01757","article-title":"Comparative Analysis\nof Two Helicobacter\npylori Strains using Genomics and Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics","volume":"7","author":"Karlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00096.x","article-title":"Invasive and non-invasive tests for\nHelicobacter pylori\ninfection","volume":"14","author":"Vaira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.11.002","article-title":"Diagnosis\nof Helicobacter pylori:\ninvasive and non-invasive tests","volume":"21","author":"Ricci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract.\nRes., Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184806","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/184806","article-title":"Performance of Routine\nHelicobacter pylori Invasive Tests in Patients with Dyspepsia","volume":"2013","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-06","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori\nDetection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"20","author":"Me\u0301graud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-010-0028-1","article-title":"Patient factors affecting culture\nof Helicobacter pylori isolated from gastric mucosal specimens","volume":"55","author":"Leszczyn\u0301ska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Med. 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Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199910000-00011","article-title":"A new, non-invasive method for detection of Helicobacter\npylori: validity in the routine clinical setting","volume":"11","author":"Pu\u0308spo\u0308k","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00736.x","article-title":"Diagnostic\naccuracy of a new non-invasive enzyme immunoassay for detecting Helicobacter\npylori in stools after eradication therapy","volume":"14","author":"Ishihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2003.00130.x","article-title":"High anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody\nseropositivity associated with the combination of IL-8-251TT and IL-10-819TT\ngenotypes","volume":"8","author":"Hamajima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07065.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori antigen stool\ntest and 13C-urea breath test in patients after eradication treatments","volume":"97","author":"Perri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2008.05.010","article-title":"Diagnostic\nvalue of rapid urease test and urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori\ndetection in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy: a prospective\ncontrolled trial","volume":"41","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12702","article-title":"Evaluation of the Allplex H.pylori and ClariR PCR Assay\nfor Helicobacter pylori detection on gastric biopsies","volume":"25","author":"Jehanne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic evolution\nof ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage\nT4 DNA polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit43","unstructured":"Tabar, H.\n          \n          DNA Aptamers as a Molecular\nProbe for Diagnosis and Therapeutic in\nCancer Cells, Milad Tower Conference Hall, 2009; Vol. 6, pp 13\u201315."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1021\/ja028962o","article-title":"Structure-Switching\nSignaling Aptamers","volume":"125","author":"Nutiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.9.1628","article-title":"Aptamers:\nan emerging class of molecules that rival antibodies in diagnostics","volume":"45","author":"Jayasena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6517","article-title":"In Vitro Selection of DNA to Chloroaromatics\nUsing Magnetic Microbead-Based Affinity Separation and Fluorescence\nDetection","volume":"234","author":"Bruno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081683","article-title":"Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for\nTherapeutic Purposes","volume":"18","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ib00239k","article-title":"Aptamer-functionalized\nnano\/micro-materials for clinical diagnosis: isolation, release and\nbioanalysis of circulating tumor cells","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integrative\nBiology Quantitative Biosciences from Nano to Macro"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21832","DOI":"10.1021\/am5026243","article-title":"Aptamer-Functionalized\nGold Nanoparticles As Photoresponsive\nNanoplatform for Co-Drug Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Shiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl.\nMater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/23\/235501","article-title":"The fabrication, characterization\nand application of aptamer-functionalized Si-nanowire FET biosensors","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnol"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200800805","article-title":"Molecular\nassembly of an aptamer-drug conjugate for targeted drug delivery to\ntumor cells","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s149887","article-title":"Aptamer\u2013drug\nconjugate: targeted delivery of doxorubicin in a HER3 aptamer-functionalized\nliposomal delivery system reduces cardiotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1016281324761","article-title":"Antigene, Ribozyme and Aptamer Nucleic Acid Drugs: Progress and Prospects","volume":"12","author":"Stull","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200300648","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Aptamers as Tools and\nDrugs: Recent Developments","volume":"4","author":"Rimmele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit55","unstructured":"Seo, J. H.; Ban, C. I.; Jo, H. H.; Kim, J. Y.; Cho, Y. K.\n          HER2 aptamer-anticancer drug\ncomplex for cancer cell chemotherapy. U.S. Patent 20,180,050,114\nA1, 2018."},{"key":"2026090207373243900_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12891","article-title":"Identification of a\nhighly specific DNA aptamer for Vibrio vulnificus using systematic\nevolution of ligands by exponential enrichment coupled with asymmetric\nPCR","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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