{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:34:45Z","timestamp":1793745285094,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007183","name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Renewable carbon sources are a rapidly growing field of research because of the finite supply of fossil carbon. The lignocellulosic biomass walnut shell (WS) is an attractive renewable feedstock because it has a high lignin content (38\u201344 wt %) and is an agricultural waste stream. Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass that is currently a waste stream in pulping processes, has unique potential for chemical upgrading because its subunits are aromatic. In the interest of improving the sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of biomass processing, valorization of agricultural waste streams is important. Herein, three lab-scale, batch organosolv procedures are explored in the interest of optimal isolation of protected WS lignin (WSL). One system uses acetic acid, one MeOH, and the final EtOH as the primary solvent. The optimal condition for protected WSL isolation, which resulted in a 64% yield, was methanol and dilute sulfuric acid with formaldehyde to act as a protecting group at 170 \u00b0C. Select samples were upgraded by hydrogenolysis over a nickel catalyst. Protected lignin recovered from the optimal condition showed 77% by weight conversion to monomeric phenols, demonstrating that the protected WSL can selectively afford high value products. One key finding from this study was that MeOH is a superior solvent for isolating WSL versus EtOH because the latter exhibited lignin recondensation. The second was that the Ni\/C-catalyzed reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) directly of WS biomass was not selective relative to RCF of isolated WSL; conversion of raw WS to monomers produced significantly more side products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T13:14:05Z","timestamp":1616073245000},"page":"8142-8150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Organosolv Fractionation of Walnut Shell Biomass to\nIsolate Lignocellulosic Components for Chemical Upgrading of Lignin\nto Aromatics"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rebecca\nN.","family":"Nishide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106-9510"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne H.","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106-9510"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4412-1985","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdi M.","family":"Abu-Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106-9510"]},{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106-9510"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04573","article-title":"Mapping Global Flows\nof Chemicals: From Fossil Fuel\nFeedstocks to Chemical Products","volume":"52","author":"Levi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit2","volume-title":"Global warming of 1.5\u00b0C. An IPCC Special\nReport on\nthe impacts of global warming of 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels\nand related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context\nof strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change,\nsustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty","author":"IPCC","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1021\/ef0580117","article-title":"In-Depth\nInvestigation of Biomass Pyrolysis Based on Three major Components:\nHemicellulose, Cellulose and Lignin","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.201000270","article-title":"Lignin Depolymerization\nand Conversion: A Reveiew of\nThermochemical Method","volume":"34","author":"Pandey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00588","article-title":"Bright Side of Lignin Depolymerization: Toward New Platform Chemicals","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1039\/c7gc01479a","article-title":"Lignin transformations\nfor high value applications: towards targeted modifications using\ngreen chemistry","volume":"19","author":"Gillet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit7","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Converting\na Kraft Pulp Mill into an Integrated Forest Products Biorefinery","author":"Van Heningen","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/apj.2153","article-title":"Plant lignocellulose-based\nfeedstocks hydrogenolysis into polyols over a new efficient nickel-tungsten\ncatalyst","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6383","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee02684d","article-title":"One-pot catalytic hydrocracking\nof raw woody biomass into chemicals over supported carbide catalysts:\nsimultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2011.01.007","article-title":"Soluble inhibitors\/deactivators\nof cellulose enzymes from lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-1883-1","article-title":"Organosolv\npretreatment of lignocellulosicbiomass\nfor enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1039\/c5gc01054c","article-title":"Thermochemical\nconversion of lignin\nto functional materials: a review and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1021\/ef0502397","article-title":"Pyrolysis\nof Wood\/Biomass for Bio-oil:\nA Critical Review","volume":"20","author":"Mohan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2011.05.008","article-title":"Environmental impacts and costs of\nwoody Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) production and use- A review","volume":"13","author":"Sunde","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. 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Food Agric."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(03)00297-8","article-title":"A dehydrotrimer of\nferulic acid from maize bran","volume":"63","author":"Rouau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit18","volume-title":"Peanut Shell\nas a Renewable Energy\nSource and Their Utility in Production of Ethanol","author":"Bharthare","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740370706","article-title":"Chemical Composition\nand In-vitro Digestibility of Thermochemically Treated Peanut Hulls","volume":"37","author":"Kerr","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Sci. 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California Agricultural Production Statistics. 2018, http:\/\/www.cdfa.ca.gov\/statistics\/ (accessed March 26, 2020).web"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1039\/c6gc02739c","article-title":"Pre-treatment\nof lignocellulosic feedstocks using renewable alcohols: towards complete\nbiomass valorization","volume":"19","author":"Lancefield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2015.03.018","article-title":"Study on the pyrolysis behaviors\nof non-woody lignins with TG_FTIR and Py-GC\/MS","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1021\/ef050192p","article-title":"Product Identification\nand Distribution from Hydrothermal\nConversion of Walnut Shells","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl.\nPyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11121913","article-title":"Efficient\nMild Organosolv Lignin Extraction in a Flow-Through Setup Yielding\nLignin with High \u03b2-O-4 Content","volume":"11","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1039\/c7gc00195a","article-title":"Phenolic acetals from lignins of varying compositions via iron (III)\ntriflate catalyzed depolymerization","volume":"19","author":"Deuss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b07222","article-title":"Mild Organosolv\nLignin Extraction with Alcohols: The Importance of Benzylic Alkoxylation","volume":"8","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.200800080","article-title":"Selective degradation\nof wood lignin over nobel-metal catalysts in\na two-step process","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee23741e","article-title":"Lignin depolymerization (LDP) in alcohol over nickel-based\ncatalysts via a fragmentation-hydrogenolysis process","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8634","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201403747","article-title":"Catalytic biorefining\nof plant biomass to non-pyrolytic\nlignin bio-oil and carbohydrates through hydrogen transfer reactions","volume":"53","author":"Ferrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1039\/c4gc01911c","article-title":"A synergistic biorefinery based on\ncatalytic conversion of lignin prior to cellulose starting from lignocellulosic\nbiomass","volume":"17","author":"Parsell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ee00204d","article-title":"Reductive lignocellulose fractionation\ninto soluble lignin-derived phenolic monomers and dimers and processable\ncarbohydrate pulps","volume":"8","author":"Van\nden Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-019-00513-2","article-title":"Hydrochar-derived fuels from waste walnut shell through\nhydrothermal carbonization: characterization and effect of processing\nparameters","author":"Naderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.08.022","article-title":"Co-pyrolysis\nof Walnut Shell and tar sand in a fixed-bed reactor","volume":"102","author":"Kar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.01.021","article-title":"The suitability of banana leaf residue\nas raw material for the production of high lignin content micro\/nano\nfibers: From residue to value-added products","volume":"99","author":"Tarre\u0301s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit39","unstructured":"McDonough, T. J.\n          \n          The chemistry\nof organosolv delignification. TAPPI Solvent\nPulping Seminar: Boston, Massachusetts, 1992, Nov 6\u20137, 1992."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246843","article-title":"Lignin Valorization:\nImproving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery","volume":"344","author":"Ragauskas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-6-12","article-title":"Effect of Replacing Polyol by Organosolv and Kraft\nLignin on the Property and Structure of Rigid Polyurethane Foam","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1039\/c5gc02034d","article-title":"Organosolv\nPretreatment of Plant Biomass for Enhanced Enzymatic Saccharification","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1021\/ef201477p","article-title":"Structural\nCharacterization of Switchgrass Lignin after Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5806","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0605392","article-title":"Organosolv\nEthanol Lignin from Hybrid Poplar as a Radical Scavenger: Relationship\nbetween Lignin Structure, Extraction Conditions, and Antioxidant Activity","volume":"54","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11067","DOI":"10.1021\/jf403717q","article-title":"Structural\nelucidation of lignin polymers of Eucalyptus chips during organosolv\npretreatment and extended delignification","volume":"61","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\nAgric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20453","article-title":"Organosolv Pulping:\nPreliminary Evaluation of Process Streams for Manufacture of Fuel-grade\nEthanol and co-products","volume":"90","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7810","article-title":"Formaldehyde stabilization facilitates lignin monomer\nproduction during biomass depolymerization","volume":"354","author":"Shuai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1039\/c5cy00490j","article-title":"Lignin\ndepolymerization over Ni\/C\ncatalyst in methanol, a continuation: effect of substrate and catalyst\nloading","volume":"5","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit49","volume-title":"Determination of Structural Carbohydrates\nin Lignin in Biomass","author":"Sluiter","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1039\/c7gc03417b","article-title":"Lignin extraction\nand catalytic upgrading from genetically\nmodified poplar","volume":"20","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b01776","article-title":"Total Utilization of Miscanthus Biomass,\nLignin and Carbohydrates Using Earth Abundant Nickel Catalyst","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit52","volume-title":"Determination of Extractives in Biomass","author":"Sluiter","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11091782","article-title":"Study of Almond Shell Characteristics","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26788","article-title":"Lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels\nand biochemicals: A comprehensive review with a focus on ethanol organosolv\npretreatment technology","volume":"115","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/02773819308020533","article-title":"Molecular Weight Distribution of\n(Semi-) Commercial Lignin Derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Glasser","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wood\nChem. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201600648","article-title":"Hydrogen-free\ncatalytic fractionation of woody biomass","volume":"9","author":"Galkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1039\/b916070a","article-title":"Solution-state 2D NMR of ball-milled plant cell wall\ngels in DMOS-d6\/pyridine-d5","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Biomol.\nChem."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200437","article-title":"Selective, Nickel-Catalyzed\nHydrogenolysis of Aryl\nEthers","volume":"332","author":"Sergeev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b01844","article-title":"Selective Conversion of Lignin-Derivable 4-Alkylguaiacols\nto 4-Alkylcyclohexanols over Noble and Non-Noble-Metal Catalysts","volume":"4","author":"Renders","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00072","article-title":"Nickel:\nThe \u2033Spirited Horse\u2033 of Transition Metal Catalysis","volume":"5","author":"Ananikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00502a074","article-title":"Nickel-Induced Conversion of Carbon-Oxygen\ninto Carbon-Carbon Bonds. One-Step Transformations of Enol Ethers\ninto Olefins and Aryl Ethers into Biaryls","volume":"101","author":"Wenkert","year":"1979","journal-title":"ACS\nCommun."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(75)80283-3","article-title":"Activation\nof Gringard Reagents by Transition Metal\nCompounds","volume":"31","author":"Felkin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6940","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b01858","article-title":"Reductive\nCatalytic\nFractionation of Corn Stover Lignin","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable\nChem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.10.004","article-title":"Flowthrough\nReductive Catalytic Fractionation of Biomass","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit65","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Statistics_by_State\/California\/Publications\/Specialty_and_Other_Releases\/Walnut\/Objective-Measurement\/201908walom.pdf (accessed Jan 15, 2021) (for walnut shell production).web"},{"key":"2026081414152504200_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/58575","article-title":"Extraction of Lignin\nwith High \u03b2-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol\nExtraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield","volume":"143","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c05936","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/8142\/22661960\/ao0c05936.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/8142\/22661960\/ao0c05936.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:28:56Z","timestamp":1786732136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/6\/12\/8142\/490731\/Organosolv-Fractionation-of-Walnut-Shell-Biomass"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c05936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}}}