{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:45:58Z","timestamp":1790685958748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluid homogeneity and stability are of high importance as they greatly affect the fluid performance in drilling operations. Solid settlement or solid sag is a severe issue that occurs in weighted drilling muds, especially at elevated temperatures, where the weight material tends to settle down causing well control problems. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a synthetic clay (laponite) to prevent the static and dynamic sag tendency of barite-weighted drilling fluid for elevated-temperature drilling applications. Several high-density mud samples were prepared by varying the concentration of the synthetic clay. The sag tendency of the fluid samples was evaluated in the lab using dynamic and static sag tests, and the optimal concentration was determined. The impact of synthetic clay on the density, pH, and rheological properties was also studied. Moreover, the filtration properties of the developed formulation were measured using high-pressure high-temperature filtration experiments. The synthetic clay was found to be effective in reducing the static and dynamic sag tendency of barite-weighted water-based drilling fluids. 0.75 lb\/bbl of laponite was adequate to eliminate solid sag at a temperature up to 250 F. This amount of laponite slightly increased the plastic viscosity by 8%, while an increase of 42% and 43\u2013115% in the yield point and gel strength, respectively, was observed. A significant enhancement in the filtration performance was observed; the filter cake thickness and the filtrate volume were decreased by 15\u201320%. Additionally, the synthetic clay had an insignificant effect on the fluid density and pH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T07:57:16Z","timestamp":1615881436000},"page":"8179-8188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Enhancement of Static and Dynamic Sag Performance\nof Water-Based Mud Using a Synthetic Clay"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Abdelmjeed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem","family":"Basfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-3715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salaheldin","family":"Elkatatny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Al-Majed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals , , ,","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.04.005","article-title":"Enhancement of Thermal Stability of Drilling Fluid Using Laponite\nNanoparticles under Extreme Temperature Conditions","volume":"248","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2118\/62051-PA","article-title":"Barite\nSag: Measurement , Modeling\n, and Management","volume":"15","author":"Bern","year":"2000","journal-title":"SPE Drill. Complet."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omland, T. H.; Saasen, A.; Zwaag, C.; Amundsen, P. A.\n          The Effect of Weighting Material\nSag on Drilling Operation Efficiency. SPE\nAsia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition; Jakarta, Indonesia, 2007.","DOI":"10.2118\/110537-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson, P. M.; Trigg, T. K.; Rachal, G.; Zamora, M.\n          Investigation\nof Barite \u201csag\u201d in Weighted Drilling Fluids in Highly\nDeviated Wells. SPE Annual Technical Conference\nand Exhibition; New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 1990.","DOI":"10.2118\/20423-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit5","unstructured":"Aldea, C.; Growcock, F. B.; Lee, L. J.; Friedheim, J. E.; Van Oort, E.\n          Prevention of\nDynamic Sag in Deepwater Invert Emulsion Fluids. AADE 2001 National Drilling Conference, \u201cDrilling Technology\u201d; Houston, Texas, USA, 2001."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alabdullatif, Z. A.; Al-Yami, A. S.; Wagle, V.; Bubshait, A. S.\n          Development of New Kill Fluids with Minimum Sagging\nProblems for\nHigh- Pressure Jilh Formation in Saudi Arabia. Paper\nSPE-171683-MS presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition\nand Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, November 2014.","DOI":"10.2118\/171683-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit7","unstructured":"Davis, C. L.; Lfvanec, P. W.; Shumway, W. W.\n          Additive To\nEnhance Sag Stability of Drilling Fluid. WO Patent WO 2017188946\nAl, 2017."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basfar, S.; Elkatatny, S.; Mahmoud, M.; Kamal, M.\nS.; Murtaza, M.; Stanitzek, T.\n          Prevention of\nBarite Sagging While Drilling High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT)\nWells. SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual\nTechnical Symposium and Exhibition; Dammam,\nSaudi Arabia, 2018.","DOI":"10.2118\/192198-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092393","article-title":"Enhancing\nthe Stability of Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluid for Drilling in High-Pressure\nHigh-Temperature Conditions","volume":"11","author":"Elkatatny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.04.037","article-title":"Mitigation\nof Barite Sagging during the Drilling of High-Pressure High-Temperature\nWells Using an Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluid","volume":"352","author":"Elkatatny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.01.063","article-title":"Experimental\nInvestigation\nof Hole Cleaning in Directional Drilling by Using Nano-Enhanced Water-Based\nDrilling Fluids","volume":"176","author":"Boyou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-020-00892-7","article-title":"Barite\u2013Micromax\nMixture, an\nEnhanced Weighting Agent for the Elimination of Barite Sag in Invert\nEmulsion Drilling Fluids","volume":"10","author":"Basfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saasen, A.; L\u00f8klingholm, G.\n          The Effect of\nDrilling Fluid Rheological Properties on Hole Cleaning. IADC\/SPE Drilling Conference; Dallas,\nTexas, USA, 2002.","DOI":"10.2118\/74558-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/00908318608946052","article-title":"Drilling Fluid Evaluation\nUsing Yield Point-Plastic Viscosity Correlation","volume":"8","author":"Chilingarian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saasen, A.; Liu, D.; Marken, C. D.\n          Prediction of Barite Sag Potential\nof Drilling Fluids from Rheological Measurements. SPE\/IADC Drilling Conference; Amsterdam,\nNetherlands, 1995.","DOI":"10.2523\/29410-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit16","unstructured":"Power, D.; Zamora, M.\n          Drilling Fluid\nYield Stress: Measurement Techniques for Improved Understanding of\nCritical Drilling Fluid Parameters. 2003 AADE\nNational Technology Conference \u201cPractical Solutions for Drilling\nChallenges\u201d; Houston, Texas, USA, 2003."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit17","first-page":"181","article-title":"Rheological\nAnalysis of Static and Dynamic Sag in Drilling Fluids","volume":"15","author":"Maxey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Trans. Nord. Rheol. Soc."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit18","unstructured":"Bern, P. A.; Zamora, M.; Hemphill, A. T.; Marshall, D.; Omland, T. H.; Morton, E. K.\n          Field Monitoring\nof Weight-Material Sag. 2010 AADE Fluids Conference\nand Exhibition; Houston, Texas, USA, 2010."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omland, T. H.; Saasen, A.; Van Der Zwaag, C.; Amundsen, P. A.\n          The Effect\nof Weighting Material Sag on Drilling Operation Efficiency. Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition; Jakarta, Indonesia, 2007.","DOI":"10.2118\/110537-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ofei, T. N.; Lund, B.; Saasen, A.; Sangesland, S.; Linga, H.; Gyland, K. R.; Kawaji, M.\n          Barite Sag Measurements. IADC\/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition; Galveston: Texas,\nUSA, 2020.","DOI":"10.2118\/199567-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, P. D.; Company, M. O.; Zamora, M.; Aldea, C.\n          Barite-Sag Management: Challenges,\nStrategies, Opportunities. IADC\/SPE Drilling\nConference; Dallas, Texas, USA, 2004.","DOI":"10.2118\/87136-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit22","unstructured":"Davis, L.; Lfvanec, W.; Shumway, W.\n          ADDITIVE TO ENHANCE\nSAG STABILITY OF DRILLING FLUID. U.S. Patent US 10,590,323\nB2, 2020."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit23","unstructured":"Temple, C.; Paterson, A. F.; Leith, C. D.\n          Method for\nReducing Sag in Drilling, Completion and Workover Fluids. U.S. Patent US 6,861,393 B2, 2004."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit24","unstructured":"Basfar, S. A.; Elkatatny, S. M.; Mohamed, A.\n          Preventing\nBarite\nSagging Using New Synthetic Layered Silicate in HP\/HT Water-Based\nMud. 54th U.S. Rock Mechanics\/Geomechanics\nSymposium; Golden, Colorado, USA, 2020."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A.; Elkatatny, S. A.; Mahmoud, M. A.; Shawabkeh, R. A.; Al-Majed, A. A.\n          The Evaluation\nof Micronized Barite as a Weighting Material for Completing HPHT Wells. SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, MEOS; Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain, 2017.","DOI":"10.2118\/183768-MS"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12121945","article-title":"A Combined Barite-Ilmeniteweighting\nMaterial to Prevent Barite Sag in Water-Based Drilling Fluid","volume":"12","author":"Basfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205617","article-title":"Prevention of Barite\nSag in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids Using a Mixture of Barite and Ilmenite\nas Weighting Material","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2018.02.004","article-title":"Impact of Barite\nand Ilmenite Mixture on Enhancing the Drilling Mud Weight","volume":"27","author":"Abdou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Pet."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072719","article-title":"Prevention of Barite\nSag in Water-Based Drilling Fluids by A Urea-Based Additive for Drilling\nDeep Formations","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M. E.; Al-Majed, A. A.\n          Fundamentals of Sustainable\nDrilling Engineering; Scrivener Publishing\nLLC: Beverly, MA, USA, 2015.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119100300"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit31","unstructured":"Caenn, R.; Darley, H. C. H.; Gray, G. R.\n          Composition and Properties\nof Drilling and Completion Fluids, 6th\ned.; Gulf Professional Publishing: Houston, TX, USA, 2011."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2009.09.039","article-title":"Synthesis\nand Rheological Properties\nof Cation-Exchanged Laponite Suspensions","volume":"351","author":"Phuoc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids\nSurf., A"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33252","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b11419","article-title":"Nanoscale Laponite\nas a Potential\nShale Inhibitor in Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Stabilization of\nWellbore Stability and Mechanism Study","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS\nAppl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1375-0","article-title":"Laponite Nanoparticle\nas a Multi-Functional Additive in Water-Based Drilling Fluids","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2014.06.004","article-title":"Chemical Stability of Laponite in Aqueous Media","volume":"97\u201398","author":"Jatav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit36","first-page":"303","article-title":"Experimental Study\nof Rheological Properties of Model Drilling Fluids","volume":"20","author":"Taghipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Trans.\ue5f8Nord. Rheol. Soc."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.1021\/la980117p","article-title":"On Viscoelastic, Birefringent,\nand Swelling Properties of Laponite Clay Suspensions: Revisited Phase\nDiagram","volume":"14","author":"Mourchid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJOGCT.2019.10023631","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Using Micronised Barite on\nthe Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids","volume":"25","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oil, Gas Coal Technol."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98018","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra18618a","article-title":"Crystallization\nand Temperature-Dependent Structure Deflection of C6mimBr\nIonic Liquid Intercalated in LAPONITE\u00ae","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2018.10.002","article-title":"Flotation\nStudies of Fluorite and Barite with Sodium Petroleum Sulfonate and\nSodium Hexametaphosphate","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2118\/99-13-11","article-title":"Barite Segregation\nin Inclined Boreholes","volume":"38","author":"Skalle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Can. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2118\/103088-PA","article-title":"Measuring\nand Predicting Dynamic Sag","volume":"23","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPE Drill. Complet."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2011.06.010","article-title":"Can Nanoparticles Really Enhance Thermal Stability\nof Polymers? Part I: An Overview on Thermal Decomposition of Addition\nPolymers","volume":"523","author":"Chrissafis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.04.016","article-title":"Laponite\u00ae:\nA Key Nanoplatform\nfor Biomedical Applications?","volume":"14","author":"Toma\u0301s","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit45","volume-title":"Non-Newtonian Flow\nand Heat Transfer","author":"Skelland","year":"1967"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7763","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04424-7","article-title":"Effect of\nFormation Cutting\u2019s Mechanical Properties\non Drilling Fluid Properties During Drilling Operations","volume":"45","author":"Bageri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arabian J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2118\/112687-PA","article-title":"Automatic Measurement of Drilling Fluid and Drill-Cuttings\nProperties","volume":"24","author":"Saasen","year":"2009","journal-title":"SPE Drill. Complet."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2516\/ogst:2004003","article-title":"Rheological Behavior of Drilling\nMuds, Characterization Using MRI Visualization","volume":"59","author":"Coussot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oil Gas Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10888","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02900","article-title":"Upgrading\nCalcium-Bentonite to Sodium- Bentonite Using Seawater and Soda Ash\nUpgrading Calcium-Bentonite to Sodium-Bentonite Using Seawater and\nSoda","volume":"33","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3390\/su12030994","article-title":"Removal of Calcium Carbonate Water-Based\nFilter Cake Using a Green Biodegradable Acid","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2016.10.059","article-title":"Single\nStage Filter Cake Removal of Barite Weighted Water Based Drilling\nFluid","volume":"149","author":"Ba\ngeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026081414150382500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A.; Elkatatny, S.; Basfar, S.\n          One-Stage\nCalcium\nCarbonate Oil-Based Filter Cake Removal Using a New Biodegradable\nAcid System. SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and\nConference; Mishref, Kuwait, 2019.","DOI":"10.2118\/198045-MS"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c06186","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/8179\/22660108\/ao0c06186.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/8179\/22660108\/ao0c06186.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:15:10Z","timestamp":1786731310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/6\/12\/8179\/490806\/Enhancement-of-Static-and-Dynamic-Sag-Performance"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c06186","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}