{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:23:40Z","timestamp":1793834620836,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008907","name":"University of Peradeniya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has been used as a spice and a medicinal herb since ancient times. The main active ingredient of turmeric is curcumin, a polyphenol that helps prevent and control neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases and some cancers. However, curcumin has drawbacks such as low water-solubility, poor absorption, fast metabolism, quick systemic elimination, low bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetics, low stability, and low penetration targeting efficacy. To overcome these drawbacks, a common method used is encapsulating curcumin in nanocarriers for targeted delivery. However, the degraded products of nanocarriers have raised concerns. In this research, we synthesized nanoparticles of curcumin, nanocurcumin without using nanocarriers. To do so, curcumin was soxhlet extracted from raw turmeric rhizome. The stock solutions of different curcumin concentrations prepared in dichloromethane were added to boiling water at different flow rates and sonicated for different time intervals. An average particle size of 82 \u00b1 04 nm was obtained with 5.00 mg\/mL stock solution concentration, at 0.10 mL\/min flow rate and 30 min sonication time. The particle size tends to increase with the flow rate and the concentration of curcumin in the stock solution but decreases with the sonication time. X-ray diffraction shows sharp and intense diffraction peaks for curcumin, indicating its identity and high crystallinity, but nanocurcumins are amorphous. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirm the presence of all the functional groups of curcumin in nanocurcumin. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images show the perfectly spherical morphology of nanocurcumin. Although curcumin is not water-soluble, nano-curcumin formulations are freely dispersible in water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T17:06:34Z","timestamp":1616087194000},"page":"8246-8252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Synthesis of Curcumin Nanoparticles from Raw Turmeric\nRhizome"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-8772","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandhuli\nS.","family":"Hettiarachchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peradeniya , , ,","place":["Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-423X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shashiprabha P.","family":"Dunuweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peradeniya , , ,","place":["Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-7337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asiri N.","family":"Dunuweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peradeniya , , ,","place":["Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3943-5362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. M. Gamini","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Peradeniya , , ,","place":["Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 20400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpps20202-15466","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Application World","volume":"9","author":"Khidir","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit2","first-page":"79","article-title":"The New Field of the\nNanomedicine","volume":"5","author":"Solano-Uman\u0303a","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J.\nAppl. Sci. 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Drug Target."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040260","article-title":"The Use\nof Nanomedicine for Targeted\nTherapy against Bacterial Infections","volume":"8","author":"Masri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04006","article-title":"Nanotechnology for COVID-19: Therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.29161\/pt.v6.i9.2018.6","article-title":"A Review on the Preparation\nMethods of Curcumin Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Rajalakshmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PharmaTutor"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.01002","article-title":"PhytoNanotechnology:\nEnhancing Delivery\nof Plant Based Anti-Cancer Drugs","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/117739280700200002","article-title":"Polymeric Nanoparticles\n, Nanospheres\nand Nanocapsules , for Cutaneous Applications","volume":"2","author":"Guterres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Target Insights"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2174\/157341309788921453","article-title":"Nano Approaches\nto Enhance Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Activity of Plant Origin\nDrugs","volume":"5","author":"Musthaba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jamps\/2016\/29784","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Unstable Vaterite Polymorph of Hollow\nCalcium Carbonate Nanoparticles and Encapsulation of the Anticancer\nDrug Cisplatin","volume":"10","author":"Dunuweera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4038\/cjs.v49i1.7707","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Cisplatin Encapsulated\nZinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application as a Carrier in Targeted\nDrug Delivery","volume":"49","author":"Abayarathne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceylon J. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9020208","article-title":"Doxorubicin Loaded Magnesium Oxide Nanoflakes as PH\nDependent Carriers for Simultaneous Treatment of Cancer and Hypomagnesemia","volume":"9","author":"Ranathunge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.10.010","article-title":"Encapsulation\nof Anticancer Drug Copper Bis\u00ad(8-Hydroxyquinoline) in Hydroxyapatite\nfor PH-Sensitive Targeted Delivery and Slow Release","volume":"71","author":"Weerasuriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.04.001","article-title":"Effective Delivery\nof Hydrophobic Drugs to Breast and Liver Cancer Cells Using a Hybrid\nInorganic Nanocarrier: A Detailed Investigation Using Cytotoxicity\nAssays, Fluorescence Imaging and Flow Cytometry","volume":"128","author":"Manatunga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64696","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ra11518c","article-title":"Biocompatible\nNano Hydroxyapatite - Curcumin Bi-Coated Antibacterial Activated Carbon\nfor Water Purification","volume":"5","author":"Udayakantha","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.08.030","article-title":"A Curcumin Activated Carboxymethyl\nCellulose-Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposite Having Enhanced Curcumin\nRelease in Aqueous Media","volume":"134","author":"Madusanka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-018-0384-7","article-title":"Synthesis of\nMultifunctional Activated Carbon Nanocomposite Comprising Biocompatible\nFlake Nano Hydroxyapatite and Natural Turmeric Extract for the Removal\nof Bacteria and Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution","volume":"12","author":"Jayaweera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit18","first-page":"55","article-title":"Curcuminoid and Essential Oil Components\nof Turmeric at Different Stages of Growth Cultivated in Iran","volume":"4","author":"Asghari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1476","article-title":"Turmeric and Curcumin\nModulate the Conjugation of 1-Naphthol in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"29","author":"Naganuma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(85)90159-4","article-title":"Potential Anticancer\nActivity of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)","volume":"29","author":"Kuttan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Canc.\nLett."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.02.010","article-title":"International Immunopharmacology\nCurcumin-Albumin Conjugates\nas an Effective Anti-Cancer Agent with Immunomodulatory Properties","volume":"34","author":"Aravind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051839","article-title":"Curcumin as an Anticancer Agent in\nMalignant Mesothelioma:\nA Review","volume":"21","author":"Baldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit23","first-page":"2","volume-title":"TUMERIC\nPost-Harvest Operations Compendium","author":"Mazaud","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2009.01976.x","article-title":"Effect of Heat Treatment on Curcuminoid,\nColour Value\nand Total Polyphenols of Fresh Turmeric Rhizome","volume":"44","author":"Prathapan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/2210290601102010028","article-title":"Chemical Composition\nand Product Quality Control of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.)","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Crops"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10815","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra46396f","article-title":"Curcumin,\na Promising Anti-Cancer\nTherapeutic: A Review of Its Chemical Properties, Bioactivity and\nApproaches to Cancer Cell Delivery","volume":"4","author":"Salem","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12703","article-title":"Curcumin in\nTurmeric: Basic and Clinical Evidence for a Potential Role in Analgesia","volume":"43","author":"Eke-Okoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit28","first-page":"173","article-title":"Extraction\nof Bioactive Compound Curcumin from Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) via\nDifferent Routes: A Comparative Study","volume":"13","author":"Sahne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak.\nJ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x11311040002","article-title":"Curcumin and\nIts Derivatives: Their Application in\nNeuropharmacology and Neuroscience in the 21st Century","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1021\/ed077p359","article-title":"Isolation\nof Curcumin from Turmeric","volume":"77","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200802215826","article-title":"Antiangiogenic Effect of Curcumin in Pure versus in\nExtract Forms","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2475-7675.1000300","article-title":"A Novel\nand Simple Approach for Extraction\nand Isolation of Curcuminoids from Turmeric Rhizomes","volume":"6","author":"Pawar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Recycl. Waste Manag."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.10.070","article-title":"Nanonization of Curcumin\nby Antisolvent Precipitation: Process Development,\nCharacterization, Freeze Drying and Stability Performance","volume":"477","author":"Yadav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-015-0302-9","article-title":"Curcumin Nanoparticles:\nPhysico-Chemical Fabrication and Its in Vitro Efficacy against Human\nPathogens","volume":"5","author":"Pandit","year":"2015","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/340121","article-title":"Preparation\nand Characterization of Starch Nanoparticles for Controlled Release\nof Curcumin","volume":"2014","author":"Chin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2018.8821","article-title":"Application of Fourier Transform\nInfrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Calibration\nfor Quantitative Analysis of Curcuminoid in Tablet Dosage Form","volume":"8","author":"Siregar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104402t","article-title":"Curcumin Nanoparticles: Preparation,\nCharacterization, and Antimicrobial Study","volume":"59","author":"Bhawana","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\nAgric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.12.082","article-title":"Amorphous\nNano-Curcumin Stabilized\nOil in Water Emulsion: Physico Chemical Characterization","volume":"224","author":"Aditya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20724","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra03719b","article-title":"Nanocurcumin: Preparation,\nCharacterization and Cytotoxic\nEffects towards Human Laryngeal Cancer Cells","volume":"10","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457x.6515","article-title":"Production,\nSolubility and Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin Nanosuspension","volume":"35","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2113\/0540057","article-title":"Principles of Crystal Nucleation and Growth","volume":"54","author":"De\nYoreo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7610","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400544s","article-title":"Mechanisms\nof Nucleation and Growth\nof Nanoparticles in Solution","volume":"114","author":"Thanh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16034","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.34","article-title":"Nonclassical Nucleation\nand Growth of Inorganic Nanoparticles","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Mater."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-0757-0","article-title":"Preparation of Nanoparticles\nof Poorly Water-Soluble Antioxidant Curcumin by Antisolvent Precipitation\nMethods","volume":"14","author":"Kakran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"2026081414140031400_cit45","unstructured":"Analytical Methods | ASTA: The Voice of the U.S. Spice\nIndustry in\nthe Global Market. https:\/\/www.astaspice.org\/food-safety-technical-guidance\/astas-analytical-methods\/ (accessed Feb 3, 2021)."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c06314","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/8246\/22665760\/ao0c06314.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/6\/12\/8246\/22665760\/ao0c06314.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:25:29Z","timestamp":1786731929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/6\/12\/8246\/490929\/Synthesis-of-Curcumin-Nanoparticles-from-Raw"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c06314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}}}