{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:49:19Z","timestamp":1793299759830,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0603102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0603102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51804192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51804192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Applied Basic Research Project","award":["201801D221325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201801D221325"]}]},{"name":"Xiangyuan Country Comprehensive Utilization Science and Technology of Solid Waste Research Projects","award":["2018XYSDJS-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018XYSDJS-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alumina (Al2O3) extraction from circulating fluidized bed (CFB) fly ash (CFBFA) is one of the most important pathways for value-added utilization. However, in CFBFA, impurity iron (Fe) normally coexists, resulting in complicated separation processes, low Al2O3 extraction efficiency, and substandard Al2O3-based products. How to remove Fe impurity effectively from CFBFA has become an important issue. For an effective Fe removal from CFBFA, spinel ferrite transformation by carbothermal reduction at a low temperature was discussed in the paper. The effects of the reduction temperature and reduction time on the removal efficiency of Fe and the recovery of aluminum (Al) as well as the removal of other metals were systematically investigated, and the transformation mechanisms of Fe-containing phases were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a scanning electron microscope\u2013energy dispersive spectrometer. The results showed that Fe in CFBFA was present in the form of weakly magnetic \u03b1-Fe2O3, leading to a Fe removal of about 17.1% after magnetic separation; however, the recovery efficiency of Al reached 97.4%. Weakly magnetic hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) could be converted to strongly magnetic spinel-type ferrite (MFe2O4) after carbothermal reduction at 700 \u00b0C for 60 min, and the Fe removal efficiency could reach 62.8% after magnetic separation; however, the recovery of Al was 81.2%, which was decreased compared to the recovery of Al under the condition without carbothermal reduction treatment. However, the carbothermal reduction\u2013magnetic separation process did not have a major effect on the existing form and leaching behavior of Al, Li, and Ga. Simultaneously, it could be observed that some transition metal elements such as Mn, Cr, and so forth could be enriched in spinel-type MFe2O4 and removed after magnetic separation, which also provided a way for transition metal enrichment and extraction of transition metals from other tailings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T15:15:30Z","timestamp":1653578130000},"page":"18612-18622","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spinel Ferrite Transformation for an Efficient Fe\nRemoval from Circulating Fluidized Bed Fly Ash by Carbothermal Reduction\nat a Low Temperature"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-1974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi University , , ,","place":["Taiyuan, China, 030006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi University , , ,","place":["Taiyuan, China, 030006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi University , , ,","place":["Taiyuan, China, 030006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi University , , ,","place":["Taiyuan, China, 030006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-2989","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fangqin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi University , , ,","place":["Taiyuan, China, 030006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.001","article-title":"Circulating\nfluidized bed combustion\nash as controlled low-strength material (CLSM) by alkaline activation","volume":"156","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2015.06.018","article-title":"Investigation of combustion\ncharacteristics and kinetics of coal gangue with different feedstock\nproperties by thermogravimetric analysis","volume":"614","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thermochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.03.020","article-title":"Efficient separation of silica and\nalumina in simulated CFB slag\nby reduction roasting-alkaline leaching process","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18184","DOI":"10.1021\/ie4026902","article-title":"Dissolution Kinetics of Aluminum,\nCalcium, and Iron from Circulating\nFluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash with Hydrochloric Acid","volume":"52","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. 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Compos."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.113","article-title":"Novel extraction\nof valuable metals from circulating fluidized bed-derived high-alumina\nfly ash by acid\u2013alkali\u2013based alternate method","volume":"230","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.05.016","article-title":"Fly ash characterization\nby SEM\u2013EDS","volume":"85","author":"Kutchko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3390\/met8070533","article-title":"Kinetics of\nIron Extraction from\nCoal Fly Ash by Hydrochloric Acid Leaching","volume":"8","author":"Valeev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2018.01.035","article-title":"Fe and\/or Mn oxides supported on\nfly ash-derived SBA-15 for low-temperature NH3 -","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"SCR. Catal. 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Metall."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit22","first-page":"223","article-title":"Process\nof iron removal from fly ash in use of high value","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.02.068","article-title":"Removal of Fe from fly ash by carbon\nthermal reduction","volume":"245","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2004.05.004","article-title":"Phase-mineral\nand chemical composition of fractions\nseparated from composite fly ashes at the Soma power station","volume":"61","author":"Vassilev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit25","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Recovery\nof iron from circulating fluidized bed solid sulfur ash by magnetization\nroasting and magnetic separation","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Environ.\nEng."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-015-2488-8","article-title":"Synchronous\nreduction roasting experiments for lessening of SO3 and\niron recycling from circulating fluidized bed fly ash","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cent. S. Univ."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02650192","article-title":"Effect of temperature on magnetizing reduction of Agbaja\niron ore","volume":"19","author":"Uwadiale","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metall. Trans. 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Eng."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/s0892-6875(02)00260-1","article-title":"Magnetic\nproperties of ilmenite, hematite and oilsand\nminerals after roasting","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.05.064","article-title":"Recovery of Tailings from the Vanadium\nExtraction Process by Carbothermic\nReduction Method: Thermodynamic, Experimental and Hazardous Potential\nAssessment","volume":"357","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.09.054","article-title":"An experimental study\nof CaSO4 decomposition during coal pyrolysis","volume":"163","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit34","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Microwave\ncarbothermic reduction\nfrom Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 powders","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing"},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.09.063","article-title":"Analysis of XPS spectra\nof Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions\nin oxide materials","volume":"254","author":"Yamashita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.1984","article-title":"Investigation of\nmultiplet splitting of Fe 2p XPS spectra and bonding in iron compounds","volume":"36","author":"Grosvenor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elspec.2006.02.002","article-title":"Effect of\ncurve fitting parameters on quantitative analysis of Fe0.94O and Fe2O3 using XPS","volume":"152","author":"Yamashita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9517(92)90295-S","article-title":"The nature of the iron\noxide-based\ncatalyst for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene 2. Surface\nchemistry of the active phase","volume":"138","author":"Muhler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2004.01.010","article-title":"Phase-mineral and chemical\ncomposition\nof coal fly ashes as a basis for their multicomponent utilization.\n3. Characterization of magnetic and char concentrates","volume":"83","author":"Vassilev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-3820(96)01082-x","article-title":"Geochemistry\nof coals, coal ashes and combustion wastes\nfrom coal-fired power stations","volume":"51","author":"Vassilev","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fuel Process.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-5162(96)00041-9","article-title":"Mineralogical speciation of elements\nin an eastern Canadian feed coal and their combustion residues from\na Canadian power plant","volume":"32","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"2026081710175181300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14970","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9145-8","article-title":"Separation\nand characterization of magnetic fractions from waste-to-energy bottom\nash with an emphasis on the leachability of heavy metals","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c01277","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/7\/22\/18612\/4220669\/ao2c01277.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/7\/22\/18612\/4220669\/ao2c01277.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:29:19Z","timestamp":1786976959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/7\/22\/18612\/417925\/Spinel-Ferrite-Transformation-for-an-Efficient-Fe"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c01277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]}}}