{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:35:14Z","timestamp":1793198114517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oradea","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wzhv093","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and multiple group of disorders, and understanding the molecular mechanisms is a key role in identifying various markers involved in the diagnosis of the disease. Brucine is derived from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae), which has been used in traditional medicine to cure a variety of ailments, such as chronic rheumatism, nervous system diseases, dyspepsia, gonorrhea, anemia, and bronchitis, and has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-snake venom, and anti-diabetic properties. The anti-diabetic potential of brucine was studied utilizing in vitro, in silico, in vivo, and molecular methods, including streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models, \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibitory assays, and via Auto-DocVina software. Brucine exhibits binding affinities of \u22125.0 to \u221210.1 Kcal\/mol against chosen protein targets, according to an in silico investigation. In vitro studies revealed that brucine inhibited the enzymes \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase, and brucine (20 mg\/kg) reduced blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance overload, body weight, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase and elevated high-density lipoprotein levels in in vivo studies. The brucine binding energy against certain protein targets ranges from \u22125.0 to \u221210.1 Kcal\/mol. It has anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which are mediated via inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T12:47:20Z","timestamp":1670503640000},"page":"46358-46370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["RETRACTED: Anti-diabetic Activity of Brucine in Streptozotocin-Induced\nRats:\n                    <i>In Silico<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    Studies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Naimat Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University , , ,","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan, 44000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelum Gul","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University , , ,","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan, 44000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-9506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arif-ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University , , ,","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan, 44000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology , ,","place":["Kohat, Pakistan, 2600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-6540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Syed Shams ul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, PR China, 200240"]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, PR China, 200240"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Bungau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oradea , , ,","place":["Oradea, Romania, 410028"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102810071253500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113038","article-title":"Design, Synthesis and Bioevaluation of New Vanillin Hybrid as Multitarget\nInhibitor of \u03b1-Glucosidase, \u03b1-Amylase, PTP-1B and DPP4\nfor the Treatment of Type-II Diabetes","volume":"150","author":"Huneif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed.\npharmacother."},{"key":"2026102810071253500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.323917","article-title":"Antidiabetic Potential\nof the Isolated Fractions from the Plants of Rosaceae Family in Streptozotocin-Induced\nDiabetic Rats","volume":"16","author":"Bahrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. 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Res."},{"key":"2026102810071253500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930111","article-title":"The Mechanism\nof Alloxan and Streptozotocin Action in B Cells of the Rat Pancreas","volume":"50","author":"Szkudelski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"2026102810071253500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00377","article-title":"Brucine: A Review of Phytochemistry,\nPharmacology, and Toxicology","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026102810071253500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X18500015","article-title":"Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity of Strychnos Nux-Vomica\nL.: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. 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