{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:51:38Z","timestamp":1793296298907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wettability is a main component that determines multiphase flow characteristics in a porous medium. Altering the wettability of a rock has a wide range of applications in the field of geosystems engineering, such as enhanced oil recovery, improving gas well deliverability, and geological CO2 sequestration. Considering how injectivity in many field water-alternating-gas (WAG) processes is lower than expected, wettability alteration is especially suitable to address the reduction in relative permeability encountered during water injection. Several methods for injectivity improvement exist, including the use of surfactants, nanoparticles, salts, and alkalis. Using silanes to modify wettability has been a prominent technique in surface chemistry for decades but has very rarely been applied to porous mineral rocks, especially carbonates. This work explores the use of silanes to render sandstone and limestone surfaces more hydrophobic, thereby reducing gas blockage that causes injectivity loss. Contact angle measurements were taken and showed good wettability alteration away from water wet, exhibiting contact angles well above 90\u00b0, regardless of treatment conditions. Centrifuge tests were carried out, and the resulting residual fluid saturations and capillary pressure curves proved that the treatment is also effective on the pore scale. Corefloods conducted in sandstone and limestone cores showed a 45 and 65% increase in water relative permeability after WAG cycles after treatment, respectively. This translates directly to improvements in injectivity based on this treatment method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T11:30:21Z","timestamp":1666092621000},"page":"39258-39267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Wettability Alteration\nUsing Silane to Improve Water-Alternating-Gas\nInjectivity"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dany","family":"Hachem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin , 200 E. Dean Keeton Stop C0300 , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712-1585"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stepan Co , 2901 W Sam Houston Pkwy N - Suite E-350 , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United\nStates, 77043"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-8700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quoc P.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin , 200 E. Dean Keeton Stop C0300 , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712-1585"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit1","volume-title":"Primer on\nEnhanced Oil Recovery","author":"Vishnyakov","year":"2019","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit2","volume-title":"Enhanced Oil Recovery","author":"Lake","year":"1989","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit3","unstructured":"Temizel, C.; Purwar, S.; Agarwal, A.; Abdullayev, A.; Urrutia, K.; Chacon-Garcia, A. J. In Investigation of\nSignificance of Critical Components in Optimization of WAG Injection\nProcesses Under uncertainty, Paper presented at the SPE Energy\nResources Conference, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, June, 201410.2118\/SPE-169940-MS."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit4","unstructured":"Surguchev, L. M.; Korbol, R.; Haugen, S.; Krakstad, O. S. In Screening of WAG\nInjection Strategies for Heterogeneous Reservoirs, Paper\npresented at the European Petroleum Conference, Cannes, France, November, 199210.2118\/25075-ms."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2118\/911-G","article-title":"Improving Miscible Displacement by Gas-Water Injection","volume":"213","author":"Caudle","year":"1958","journal-title":"Trans. AIME"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2118\/39883-MS","article-title":"Review of\nWAG Field Experience","author":"Christensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Pet. Eng."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2118\/73830-pa","article-title":"A literature analysis of the WAG injectivity abnormalities\nin the CO2 process","volume":"4","author":"Rogers","year":"2001","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit8","volume-title":"Reservoir Engineering:\nThe Fundamentals, Simulation, and Management of Conventional and Unconventional\nRecoveries","author":"Satter","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2118\/175064-PA","article-title":"Effect of heterogeneity\non fluid-injectivity loss during water-alternating-gas injection in\nthe scurry area canyon reef operators committee unit","volume":"20","author":"Saneifar","year":"2017","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2118\/5554-pa","article-title":"Relative Permeability\nStudies of Gas-Water Flow Following\nSolvent Injection in Carbonate Rocks","volume":"16","author":"Schneider","year":"1976","journal-title":"Soc. Pet.\nEng. AIME J"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit11","unstructured":"Gorell, S. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.2118\/16323-PA","article-title":"Wettability\nLiterature Survey - Part 5: the Effects of Wettability on Relative\nPermeability","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-010-9554-3","article-title":"Permanent Alteration of Porous Media Wettability from\nLiquid-Wetting to Intermediate Gas-Wetting","volume":"85","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2118\/62515-pa","article-title":"Experimental\nstudy of wettability alteration to preferential\ngas-wetting in porous media and its effects","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. 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Mater.\nRes."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3555609","article-title":"Tailoring\nSurfaces with Silanes","volume":"7","author":"Arkles","year":"1977","journal-title":"Chemtech"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b01147","article-title":"CO2 and CH4 Wettabilities\nof Organic-Rich Shale","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy and Fuels"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.8b03536","article-title":"Methane (CH 4) Wettability\nof Clay-Coated Quartz at Reservoir Conditions","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit39","first-page":"21","article-title":"Pore Space Properties","volume-title":"Physical Properties\nof Rocks","author":"Scho\u0308n","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit40","first-page":"114","article-title":"Hydrophobicity,\nhydrophilicity and silanes","volume":"22","author":"Arkles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paint Coatings Ind."},{"key":"2026081709233368300_cit41","first-page":"415","article-title":"Capillary\nPhase Trapping","volume-title":"Fundamentals and Practical\nAspects of Gas Injection","author":"Kazemi","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c05313","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/7\/43\/39258\/4186772\/ao2c05313.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/7\/43\/39258\/4186772\/ao2c05313.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:23:39Z","timestamp":1786973019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/7\/43\/39258\/414608\/Wettability-Alteration-Using-Silane-to-Improve"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"43","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c05313","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}