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Most of the previous research on G4s has been conducted mainly in diluted solutions. However, cells are filled with organelles and many biomolecules, resulting in a constant state of a crowded molecular environment. The conformation and stability of some G4s were found to change significantly in the molecularly crowded environment, and interactions with ligands were disturbed to some extent. The structure of the G4s and their biological functions are correlated, and the effect of the molecularly crowded environment on G4 conformational transitions and interactions with ligands should be considered in drug design targeting G4s. This review discusses the changes in the conformation and stability of G4s in a physiological environment. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the molecularly crowded environment affecting the G4 has been further reviewed based on previous studies. Furthermore, current challenges and future research directions are put forward. This review has implications for the design of drugs targeting G4s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T13:26:22Z","timestamp":1681133182000},"page":"14342-14348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Molecular\nCrowding on the Structure, Stability,\nand Interaction with Ligands of G\u2011quadruplexes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-2732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany I.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benha University , , ,","place":["Benha, Egypt, 13518"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieya","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naureen","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Narowal , , , ,","place":["Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan, 51600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430074"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081412113209700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/nature755","article-title":"Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes\nfrom human telomeric DNA","volume":"417","author":"Parkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2026081412113209700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq259","article-title":"A crystallographic\nand modelling study of a human telomeric RNA (TERRA) quadruplex","volume":"38","author":"Collie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research."},{"key":"2026081412113209700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22956454","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142700.nc1705s50","article-title":"Sequence, stability, and structure of G-quadruplexes and their interactions\nwith drugs","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Protoc. 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