{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:50:16Z","timestamp":1791600616253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Synthetic antibiotics known as sulfonamides suppress the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, which cures respiratory tract infections and protozoal infections by preventing the creation of dihydrofolic acid. Electrochemical sensors based on tetrakis\u00ad(1,10-phenanthroline)-\u03bc-(4,4\u2032-bipyridine) dicopper\u00ad(II) chloride monohydrate ([P2Cu-Bip-CuP2]\u00adCl4\u00b7H2O or simply Cu2P4BCl4) have been successfully applied for the determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) from samples. The experimental conditions and parameters were optimized to achieve the best electrode performances for simultaneous quantification of SMX and TMP. Based on the analysis of the effect of scan rate on the peak parameters, the R2 for the peak current vs square root of the scan rate was greater than that of the peak current vs scan rate, indicating diffusion-controlled behavior of both species. The current intensities of both SMX and TMP were highly improved due to surface activation of the electrodes by electropolymerization. For SMX, the limit of detection was determined to be 27.94 nM, while for TMP, it was 21.56 nM, and the limit of quantifications was 71.88 nM, and the corresponding relative standard deviation for each was 0.74% and 0.11%. The constructed electrode was stored for varying durations ranging from two h to 2 days, and it was found to be above 97% stable after storing for 15 days. The real applicability of the suggested sensor for the simultaneous determination of SMX and TMP was verified by sensing clinical serum and urine samples and their spike recovery studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c08716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T11:20:37Z","timestamp":1728472837000},"page":"43272-43286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Simultaneous Determination of Sulfamethoxazole and\nTrimethoprim from Clinical Urine and Blood Serum Samples by the Application\nof Poly(Cu2P4BCL4)\/GCE"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8291-3185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melaku","family":"Metto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahir Dar University , , ,","place":["Bahir\nDar, Ethiopia, 6000"]},{"name":"Injibara University , , ,","place":["Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 6000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemu","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahir Dar University , , ,","place":["Bahir\nDar, Ethiopia, 6000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minaleshewa","family":"Atlabachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahir Dar University , , ,","place":["Bahir\nDar, Ethiopia, 6000"]},{"name":"Debark University , , ,","place":["Debark, Ethiopia, 4VCQ+V3P"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-664X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atakilt","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahir Dar University , , ,","place":["Bahir\nDar, Ethiopia, 6000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026081412134421600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051026","article-title":"Selected Pharmaceuticals\nin Different Aquatic Compartments: Part I-Source, Fate and Occurrence","volume":"25","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081412134421600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.08.032","article-title":"Electrochemical\nabatement of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole from water","volume":"81","author":"Dirany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081412134421600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00117A","article-title":"Electrochemical quantification of\nsulfamethoxazole antibiotic in\nenvironmental water using zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-derived\nsingle-atom cobalt catalyst in nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures","volume":"1","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081412134421600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.161","article-title":"Electroanalysis of trimethoprim on metalloporphyrin\nincorporated glassy carbon electrode","volume":"2","author":"Rajith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Test.\nAnal."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081412134421600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.25-11-375","article-title":"Trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole:\nclinical update","volume":"25","author":"Libecco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081412134421600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030802235078","article-title":"Exposure assessment of pharmaceuticals\nand their metabolites in the aquatic environment: application to the\nFrench situation and preliminary prioritization","volume":"14","author":"Besse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081412134421600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111152","article-title":"Considerations when prescribing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","volume":"183","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081412134421600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2009.10.002","article-title":"Simultaneous\ndetermination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in microgram quantities\nfrom low plasma volume by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass\nspectrometry","volume":"94","author":"Mistri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081412134421600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-010-0006-9","article-title":"Development\nand validation of an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of\ntrimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in human plasma","volume":"35","author":"Sayar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.22037\/ijpr.2010.649","article-title":"DETERMINATION OF SULFAMETHOXAZOLE\nAND TRIMETHOPRIM IN PHARMACEUTICALS\nBY VISIBLE AND UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRY","volume":"5","author":"Shamsa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran. J.\nPharm. Res."},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.291","article-title":"Simultaneous\ndetermination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in human plasma\nby capillary zone electrophoresis","volume":"18","author":"Teshima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.108421","article-title":"Well-dispersed strawberry-like\nPtCo nanocrystals\/porous N-doped carbon nanospheres for multiplexed\nassays","volume":"187","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.108147","article-title":"Facile\npyrolysis synthesis of Pt-PtFe nanoparticles\/3D porous N-doped carbon\nnanoflowers for highly sensitive detection of hydrazine and bisphenol\nA","volume":"184","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081412134421600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/14328917.2020.1842589","article-title":"Development of carbon\nnanotube-based polymer-modified electrochemical sensor for the voltammetric\nstudy of Curcumin","volume":"25","author":"Pushpanjali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Innovations"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081412134421600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068375520040134","article-title":"Validated Electrochemical Method for Simultaneous Resolution\nof Tyrosine, Uric Acid, and Ascorbic Acid at Polymer Modified Nano-Composite\nPaste Electrode","volume":"56","author":"Chenthattil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081412134421600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5599\/jese.1094","article-title":"Research developments\nin carbon materials based sensors for determination of hormones: Review","volume":"12","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15181","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00170","article-title":"Characterization and\nApplication of a Synthesized Novel Poly\u00ad(chlorobis\u00ad(1,10-phenanthroline)\u00adresorcinolcobalt\u00ad(II)\nchloride)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Selective Voltammetric\nDetermination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceutical Formulations, Human\nUrine, and Blood Serum Samples","volume":"8","author":"Kassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110627","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization,\nand electrochemical application of novel poly\u00ad(Cu2P4BCl4) based glassy\ncarbon electrodes for determination of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical\nserum and urine samples and Cow\u2019s milk","volume":"201","author":"Metto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081412134421600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.08.002","article-title":"Potentiodynamic fabrication\nand characterization of\npoly\u00ad(4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene sulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon\nelectrode","volume":"9","author":"Amare","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026081412134421600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.07.050","article-title":"Preparation\nand characterization of a 1,10-phenanthroline-modified\nglassy carbon electrode","volume":"54","author":"Oztekin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2174\/1874123102014010090","article-title":"Electrochemical Fabrication of Poly\n(niacin) Modified Graphite Paste Electrode and its Application for\nthe Detection of Riboflavin","volume":"14","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Chem. Eng.\nJ."},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.138402","article-title":"Synthesis,\ncharacterization, and\nelectropolymerization of a novel Cu\u00ad(II) complex based on 1,10-phenanthroline\nfor electrochemical determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical\ntablet formulations","volume":"384","author":"Kassa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081412134421600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202060181","article-title":"Development\nof Polymer Modified Electrochemical Sensor\nfor the Determination of Alizarin Carmine in the Presence of Tartrazine","volume":"32","author":"Pushpanjali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081412134421600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210444","DOI":"10.20964\/2021.04.41","article-title":"Electrochemical\nDetermination of Penicillin G in Cow Milk and pharmaceuticals in SDS\/Acetate\nbuffer","volume":"16","author":"Sila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081412134421600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.18311\/jsst\/2018\/15838","article-title":"Highly\nSensitive Polymer based Sensor for Determination of the Drug Mitoxantrone","volume":"34","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surf. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081412134421600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202004370","article-title":"Surfactant\nand Polymer Composite Modified Electrode for the Sensitive Determination\nof Vanillin in Food Sample","volume":"6","author":"Tigari","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081412134421600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0485278","article-title":"Electrochemical\nimmunosensors for the simultaneous detection of two tumor markers","volume":"77","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081412134421600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)15237-0","article-title":"Electrochemical Response of Dopamine\nat Phthalic acid and Triton X-100 Modified Carbon Paste Electrode:\nA cyclic voltammetry study","volume":"4","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem.\nSci."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081412134421600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26222","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c01939","article-title":"A Novel Poly\u00ad(cytosine)-Based\nElectrochemical Biosensor\nfor Sensitive and Selective Determination of Guanine in Biological\nSamples","volume":"9","author":"Metto","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800203","article-title":"Sensitive\nVoltammetric Amoxicillin\nSensor Based on TiO 2 Sol Modified by CMK-3-type Mesoporous Carbon\nand Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Pollap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081412134421600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202000255","article-title":"Electroanalysis of Cefadroxil Antibiotic\nat Carbon Nanotube\/Gold Nanoparticle Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes","volume":"7","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081412134421600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202103458","article-title":"Synthesis of a Novel\n[diresorcinate-1,10-phenanthrolinecobalt\u00ad(II)] Complex, and Potentiodynamic\nFabrication of Poly\u00ad(DHRPCo)\/GCE for Selective Square Wave Voltammetric\nDetermination of Procaine Penicillin G in Pharmaceutical and Biological\nFluid Samples","volume":"7","author":"Kassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2174\/157341212803341627","article-title":"Experimental and Theoretical\nStudy on the Electrochemical\nBehavior of Zofenopril and its Voltammetric Determination","volume":"8","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Anal."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081412134421600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202300004","article-title":"Electrochemical\nDetermination of\nChloroquine Phosphate in Real Samples Using a Diresorcinate-1,10-phenanthrolinecobalt\u00ad(II)-Modified\nGlassy Carbon Electrode","volume":"12","author":"Kassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081412134421600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200804273","article-title":"Electrocatalytic determination of\n6-tioguanine at ap-aminophenol modified carbon paste electrode","volume":"20","author":"Mirmomtaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"2026081412134421600_cit36","volume-title":"Electrochemical Methods:\nFundamentals and Applications","author":"Bard","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081412134421600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202103458","article-title":"Synthesis of a Novel\n[diresorcinate-1, 10-phenanthrolinecobalt (II)] Complex, and Potentiodynamic\nFabrication of Poly (DHRPCo)\/GCE for Selective Square Wave Voltammetric\nDetermination of Procaine Penicillin G in Pharmaceutical and Biological\nFluid Samples","volume":"7","author":"Kassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081412134421600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2008.09.019","article-title":"A dysprosium nanowire modified carbon paste electrode\nfor determination of levodopa using fast Fourier transformation square-wave\nvoltammetry method","volume":"68","author":"Daneshgar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.4c08716","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/9\/42\/43272\/4116873\/ao4c08716.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/9\/42\/43272\/4116873\/ao4c08716.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:13:49Z","timestamp":1786724029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/9\/42\/43272\/409838\/Simultaneous-Determination-of-Sulfamethoxazole-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.4c08716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}