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According to the literature, secondary metabolites isolated in Paepalanthus have interesting biological activities. This research aimed to isolate constituents from the capitula of the mentioned species and to evaluate their cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities. Through maceration and several types of separation procedures, the crude extracts were produced, and the structures of constituents were identified mostly by nuclear magnetic resonance. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride methods, respectively, while antiviral activity was evaluated by enzymatic and phenotypic assays. Two flavonoids were isolated in the dichloromethane fraction, and four flavonoids and one benzoic acid derivative were isolated in the ethyl acetate fraction of P. acanthophyllus. Paepalantine was isolated from P. bromelioides. The isolated compounds did not show significant cytotoxicity, and the highest values of growth-inhibitory activity observed reached 29.17% (colon cancer) and 19.24% (breast cancer). Antimicrobial evaluation showed the best result to 6-methoxykaempferol against S. aureus (MIC = 250 \u03bcg mL\u20131). Antiviral evaluation showed that 6-methoxykaempferol-3-O-\u03b2-D-6\u2033-(p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside inhibited the ZIKV enzyme NS2B-NS3pro in the lowest micromolar range (IC50 = 1.95 \u03bcM); however, it did not show inhibition when evaluated in phenotypic assays with the ZIKV replicon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c11026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:26:07Z","timestamp":1750253167000},"page":"26403-26414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compounds Isolated\nfrom\n                    <i>Paepalanthus<\/i>\n                    spp. (Eriocaulaceae) and Their\nEvaluation in Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic,\nand Antiviral Assays"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laysa\nLanes Pereira Ferreira","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Espi\u0301rito Santo , , Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras , , ,","place":["Vito\u0301ria, Espi\u0301rito Santo, Brazil, 29075-910"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Almeida","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Espi\u0301rito Santo , , Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras , , ,","place":["Vito\u0301ria, Espi\u0301rito Santo, Brazil, 29075-910"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Espi\u0301rito Santo , , Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras , , ,","place":["Vito\u0301ria, Espi\u0301rito Santo, Brazil, 29075-910"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Costa","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Butanta\u0303 , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-5153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leticia V.","family":"Costa-Lotufo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Butanta\u0303 , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Camila","family":"Micheletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul , , Avenida Senador Filinto Mu\u0308ller, 1555, Cidade Universita\u0301ria , , ,","place":["Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, 79074-460"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela","family":"Dolci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Avenue Joa\u0303o Dagnone, 1100, Jardim Santa Angelina , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 13563-120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Sachetto","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Avenue Joa\u0303o Dagnone, 1100, Jardim Santa Angelina , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 13563-120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glaucius","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Avenue Joa\u0303o Dagnone, 1100, Jardim Santa Angelina , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 13563-120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7187-0818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael Victorio\nCarvalho","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Avenue Joa\u0303o Dagnone, 1100, Jardim Santa Angelina , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, Sa\u0303o Paulo, Brazil, 13563-120"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8257-5443","authenticated-orcid":true,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Valdemar","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Espi\u0301rito Santo , , Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras , , ,","place":["Vito\u0301ria, Espi\u0301rito Santo, Brazil, 29075-910"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-1919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keyller Bastos","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Joa\u0303o del-Rei , , Campus Dom Bosco, Prac\u0327a Dom Helve\u0301cio 74, Fa\u0301bricas , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Joa\u0303o\ndel-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36301-160"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4475-1028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Warley de Souza","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Espi\u0301rito Santo , , Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras , , ,","place":["Vito\u0301ria, Espi\u0301rito Santo, Brazil, 29075-910"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811240810200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-33061990000100010","article-title":"Padro\u0303es de Distribuic\u0327a\u0303o Geogra\u0301fica\nDos Ge\u0302neros de Eriocaulaceae","volume":"4","author":"Giulietti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Bot\nBrasilica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811240810200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-33061999000100004","article-title":"Morfo-Anatomia\nde Espe\u0301cies\nde Blastocaulon Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae)","volume":"13","author":"Scatena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Bot Brasilica"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/boaa070","article-title":"Phylogenetics of Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae),\na Diverse Neotropical Monocot Lineage","volume":"195","author":"Andrino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bot.\nJ. Linnean Soc."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit4","unstructured":"SANO, P. T.; GIULIETTI, A. M.; COSTA, F. N.; TROVO\u0301, M.; Echternacht, L.; Tissot-Squalli, M. L.; Watanabe, M. T. C.; Hensold, N.; Andrino, C. O.; Parra, L. R.\n          Eriocaulaceae. Eriocaulaceae\nin Lista de Espe\u0301cies da Flora doBrasil. http:\/\/floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br\/jabot\/floradobrasil\/FB28750 (accessed March 2022)."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit5","unstructured":"Andrino, C. O.; Sano, P. T.; Costa, F. N.; Echternacht, L.; Sauthier, L. J.; Hensold, N.; Ramos, R.; Tissot-Squalli, M.; Trovo\u0301, M.\n          Paepalanthus Mart. http:\/\/floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br\/reflora\/listaBrasil\/FichaPublicaTaxonUC\/FichaPublicaTaxonUC.do?id=FB7558 (accessed May 2021)."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit6","volume-title":"Cata\u0301logo de Plantas e Fungos Do Brasil\n- Vol. 1","author":"Forzza","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit7","volume-title":"Estudo\nQui\u0301mico e Biolo\u0301gico Do Extrato Metano\u0301lico Dos\nCapi\u0301tulos de Paepalanthus Acanthophyllus Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae)","author":"Igna\u0301cio","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit8","unstructured":"Sano, P. T.; Giulietti, A. M.; Costa, F. N.; Trovo, M.; Echternacht, L.; Tissot-Squalli, M. L.; Watanabe, M. T. C.; Hensold, N.; Andrino, C. O.; Parra, L. R.\n          Paepalanthus acanthophyllus\nRuhland. http:\/\/floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br\/jabot\/floradobrasil\/FB28750 (accessed May 2021)."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762002000700017","article-title":"Screening of Some Plants Used in the Brazilian Folk\nMedicine for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases","volume":"97","author":"Barbie\u0301ri\nHoletz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081811240810200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.01.014","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Isocoumarins Isolated from Paepalanthus\nBromelioides on Mitochondria","volume":"68","author":"Devienne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit11","unstructured":"Sano, P. T.; Giulietti, A. M.; Costa, F. N.; Trovo\u0301, M.; Echternacht, L.; Tissot-Squalli, M. L.; Watanabe, M. T. C.; Hensold, N.; Andrino, C. O.; Parra, L. R.\n          Paepalanthus bromelioides.\nJardim Bota\u0302nico do Rio de Janeiro. http:\/\/floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br\/jabot\/floradobrasil\/FB28787 (accessed March 2022)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811240810200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2015.07.008","article-title":"Preformulation\nStudy and Influence of DMSO and Propylene Glycol on the Antioxidant\nAction of Isocoumarin Paepalantine Isolated from Paepalanthus\nBromelioides","volume":"25","author":"Damasceno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de\nFarmacognosia"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2002-11-1217","article-title":"Quick Preparative Separation\nof Natural\nNaphthopyranones with Antioxidant Activity by High-Speed Counter-Current\nChromatography","volume":"57","author":"Leita\u0303o","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081811240810200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(90)83056-7","article-title":"Isocoumarin from Paepalanthus\nBromeloioides","volume":"29","author":"Vilegas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00061-6","article-title":"Evaluation\nof the Genotoxic Potential of the Isocoumarin Paepalantine in n Vivo\nand in Vitro Mammalian Systems","volume":"68","author":"Tavares","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811240810200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20170199","article-title":"Antimicrobial\nActivity of Paepalanthus Planifolius and Its Major\nComponents against Selected Human Pathogens","volume":"29","author":"Amorim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081811240810200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1021\/np200604k","article-title":"HPLC-ESIMSn\nProfiling,\nIsolation, Structural Elucidation, and Evaluation of the Antioxidant\nPotential of Phenolics from Paepalanthus Geniculatus","volume":"75","author":"Amaral","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/s0367-326x(00)00159-3","article-title":"A New Cytotoxic\nNaphthopyrone Dimer from Paepalanthus Bromelioides","volume":"71","author":"Coelho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1049888","article-title":"The Function of Natural\nCompounds\nin Important Anticancer Mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Nan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081896","article-title":"Phytochemicals\nin Cancer Treatment and Cancer Prevention\ue5f8Review on Epidemiological\nData and Clinical Trials","volume":"15","author":"Rudzin\u0301ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmcr.2021.100010","article-title":"Therapeutic\nRole of Flavonoids and Flavones in Cancer\nPrevention: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34462","article-title":"Plant Natural\nCompounds in the Cancer\nTreatment: A Systematic Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03052-z","article-title":"Synergistic\nEffects of Flavonoids\nand Paclitaxel in Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Asnaashari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070603","article-title":"Current View\non Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral\nEffects","volume":"13","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081811240810200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020225","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities and Mode\nof Flavonoid Actions","volume":"12","author":"Thebti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.10.022","article-title":"Artificial\nIntelligence for the Discovery of Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Emerging\nInfectious Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Bess","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2345757","article-title":"Depiction\nof New Flavonoids from &lt; I &gt; Nyctanthus Arbor-Tristis&lt;\/I&gt;,\nTheir\nAntimicrobial Activity and Drug-Likeness Prediction","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2023.2281003","article-title":"Two New\nFlavonoids with Antimicrobial\nActivity from the Roots of Byttneria Aspera Colebr.\nEx Wall (Malvaceae)","volume":"39","author":"Truong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811240810200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.22271\/phyto.2021.v10.i1a.13286","article-title":"Bioguided Isolation,\nStructure Elucidation\nand Evaluation of New Antimicrobial Flavonoid from &lt; I &gt; Carica\nPapaya&lt;\/I&gt; Leaves","volume":"10","author":"Nicolas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081811240810200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6875","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206875","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological\nActivity of Novel Oxazinyl Flavonoids as Antiviral and Anti-Phytopathogenic\nFungus Agents","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811240810200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2017.08.004","article-title":"Bioactive\nFlavonoids in Medicinal Plants: Structure,\nActivity and Biological Fate","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm.\nSci."},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.41","article-title":"Flavonoids: An Overview","volume":"5","author":"Panche","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811240810200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-017-0217-4","article-title":"Cancer\nChemoprevention through Dietary\nFlavonoids: What\u2019s Limiting?","volume":"36","author":"Amawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J.\nCancer"},{"key":"2026081811240810200_cit34","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Ca\u0302ncer\n          . 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