{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:30:30Z","timestamp":1789619430531,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007103","name":"Semnan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A new pharmaceutical system was developed to integrate tretinoin into niosomes, optimizing drug encapsulation without increasing the niosome size. The aim of this study was to produce tretinoin-loaded niosomes by the thin film hydration method. The effects of three factors including the molar ratio of surfactants to cosurfactants (0.1, 0.3, 0.5), hydration process temperature (40, 50, 60 \u00b0C), and ultrasound intensity (100, 150, 200 kHz) on drug encapsulation, particle size, and zeta potential of niosomes were investigated. Span 60 and Tween 80 were used as nonionic surfactants, with 1-dodecanol as a stabilizer and cosurfactant, dichloromethane as the solvent, and a phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) for hydration. Drug loading efficiency varied from 41% to 83%, and niosome sizes ranged from 210 to 440 nm. The highest drug loading (83%) was achieved with a 0.1 molar ratio of surfactants, 40 \u00b0C hydration, and 100 kHz ultrasound, resulting in a particle size of 440 nm and zeta potential between \u22129 and \u221216 mV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c11147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T05:26:05Z","timestamp":1752470765000},"page":"30031-30045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Influence of Operational Parameters on the Characterization\nof Tretinoin-Loaded Niosomes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Jafarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Semnan University , , University Boulevard , ,","place":["Semnan, Iran, 35131-19111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Khalilabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semnan University , , University Boulevard , ,","place":["Semnan, Iran, 35131-19111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azam","family":"Shadloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semnan University , , University Boulevard , ,","place":["Semnan, Iran, 35131-19111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4276-9278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kiana","family":"Peyvandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semnan University , , University Boulevard , ,","place":["Semnan, Iran, 35131-19111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2020.104894","article-title":"Synthesis of biocompatible triazole\nbased non-ionic surfactant and its vesicular drug delivery investigation","volume":"228","author":"Imkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. 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Drug Delivery\nTher."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081812223632600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2017.1332623","article-title":"Overview of\npreparation methods of polymeric and lipid-based (niosome, solid lipid,\nliposome) nanoparticles: A comprehensive review","volume":"67","author":"Amoabediny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812223632600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67509-5","article-title":"Formulation,\npreparation of niosome loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles and biological\nactivities","volume":"14","author":"Rezaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277533","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277533","article-title":"In silico design and mechanistic\nstudy of niosome-encapsulated curcumin against multidrug-resistant\nStaphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"14","author":"Khaleghian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10711-0_3","volume-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles:\nProduction, Characterization and Stability","author":"Shah","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s268846","article-title":"In vitro characterization\nand release studies of combined nonionic surfactant-based vesicles\nfor the prolonged delivery of an immunosuppressant model drug","volume":"15","author":"Rasul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102069","article-title":"Nonionic surfactant\nvesicles (niosomes) for ocular drug delivery: Development, evaluation\nand toxicological profiling","volume":"60","author":"Alyami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812223632600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020055","article-title":"Advances of non-ionic surfactant\nvesicles (niosomes) and their application in drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit12","first-page":"7499","article-title":"Niosomes: Formulation\nand evaluation","volume":"2229","author":"Tangri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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Mater., 1991; Vol. 1; pp 20\u201325."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081812223632600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(01)00971-1","article-title":"Niosomes\nas carriers for tretinoin. I. Preparation and properties","volume":"234","author":"Manconi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812223632600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00268-0","article-title":"Niosomes as carriers for tretinoin: II. Influence of\nvesicular incorporation on tretinoin photostability","volume":"260","author":"Manconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081812223632600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.11.045","article-title":"Niosomes\nas carriers for tretinoin: III. 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Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812223632600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v30i4.15","article-title":"Superior performance\nof magnetic\nnanoparticles for entrapment and fixation of bovine serum albumin\nin-vitro","volume":"30","author":"Binandeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814182-3.00010-9","article-title":"Dynamic light\nscattering (DLS)","volume-title":"Characterization of Nanoparticles","author":"Babick","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815667-4.00006-7","article-title":"Dynamic light\nscattering (DLS) of nanoencapsulated food ingredients","volume-title":"Characterization of Nanoencapsulated Food Ingredients","author":"Tosi","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812223632600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020223","article-title":"Niosomes:\nComposition, formulation techniques, and recent progress as delivery\nsystems in cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Liga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-46143-6.00006-3","article-title":"Niosomes:\nA novel approach in modern drug delivery\nsystems","volume":"2017","author":"Khoee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanostruct. 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Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812223632600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)90228-3","article-title":"Preparation and properties of vesicles\n(niosomes) of sorbitan monoesters (Span 20, 40, 60 and 80) and a sorbitan\ntriester (Span 85)","volume":"105","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"Suppl2","key":"2026081812223632600_cit40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of\nsurfactant type, cholesterol content and various downsizing methods\non the particle size of niosomes","volume":"17","author":"Nowroozi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm.\nRes."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812223632600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4103\/0110-5558.76435","article-title":"Niosome: a future of targeted drug\ndelivery systems","volume":"1","author":"Kazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081812223632600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.36468\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1054","article-title":"A Study on the Effects\nof Surfactant Concentration\nand Particle Size on Ethylcellulose Microspheres Containing Indinavir\nSulphate","volume":"84","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-021-00164-5","article-title":"Evaluation of sonication on stability-indicating\nproperties of optimized pilocarpine hydrochloride-loaded niosomes\nin ocular drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Owodeha-Ashaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081812223632600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9081265","article-title":"Influence\nof process design on the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles\nby an ultrasonic-nanoemulsification method","volume":"9","author":"Pucek-Kaczmarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026081812223632600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-016-3597-5","article-title":"Effect of sonication on particle dispersion, administered\ndose and metal release of non-functionalized, non-inert metal nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Pradhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. 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