{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T11:31:40Z","timestamp":1793705500826,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ACS Omega"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c00046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T13:03:48Z","timestamp":1749128628000},"page":"23873-23888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Topical Therapy of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: An Insight into the Mechanism of Action"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amina","family":"Riaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]},{"name":"The Women University Multan","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Farhan Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Jalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4619-0359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asim ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-9945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","place":["Islamabad, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zobia","family":"Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]},{"name":"University of the Punjab","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Primary and Secondary health care department","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Govt of Punjab","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3679-7130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maryam","family":"Parhizkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Muqaddas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]},{"name":"The Women University Multan","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170165"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10856-w"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH16036"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0154-2"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","volume-title":"The leishmaniases in biology and medicine. Vol. II. Clinical aspects and control","author":"Peters W.","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.01133.x"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383321"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00058-2"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.10.008"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184777"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.701204"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4629"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000993"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5710"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5055"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.05.018"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.008"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004834.pub2"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd005067.pub3"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70175-F"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011882"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02867.x"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203123261105"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.3.528"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06670.x"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324161"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2014.885500"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.02.032"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12046.x"},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.032"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.08.008"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00346-X"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.686490"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1211"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105988"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00156"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220058"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9121749"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.702751"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.11.042"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00354"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.11667"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.07.036"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA01736G"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040010018056"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.04.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2005.12.003","volume":"2","author":"Reis C. P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S68861"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S55805"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1713087"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90268-4"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.8.1217"},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10611869609046267"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(98)00152-7"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00100-H"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03908.x"},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.012"},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01319-08"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-120030423"},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08982100903015025"},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-023-06041-w"},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2019-0320"},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051203"},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110720"},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2011.575381"},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.01.010"},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2014.995670"},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.12.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref71\/cit71","first-page":"378","volume":"10","author":"Hamishehkar H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.010"},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2013.843192"},{"key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.03.028"},{"key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.07.008"},{"key":"ref76\/cit76","first-page":"117","author":"Schaefer U.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermal Absorption and Toxicity Assessment"},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00137696-200604040-00004"},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324053"},{"key":"ref79\/cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12042"},{"key":"ref80\/cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-015-0267-6"},{"key":"ref81\/cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.098"},{"key":"ref82\/cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-010-0331-5"},{"key":"ref83\/cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111912"},{"key":"ref84\/cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-015-0439-1"},{"key":"ref85\/cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101232"},{"key":"ref86\/cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01717-w"},{"key":"ref87\/cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-6-8"},{"key":"ref88\/cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860802473402"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref89\/cit89","first-page":"580","volume":"63","author":"Shakeel F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Die Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref90\/cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2013.771647"},{"key":"ref91\/cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.933284"},{"key":"ref92\/cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S83929"},{"key":"ref93\/cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/28\/6\/065101"},{"key":"ref94\/cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/396894"},{"key":"ref95\/cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111109"},{"key":"ref96\/cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4020038"},{"key":"ref97\/cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121985"},{"key":"ref98\/cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i41B32355"},{"key":"ref99\/cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58803-z"},{"key":"ref100\/cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102121"},{"key":"ref101\/cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00183-2"},{"key":"ref102\/cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-018-00418-8"},{"key":"ref103\/cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpx.2023.100205"},{"key":"ref104\/cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v13i5.7440"},{"key":"ref105\/cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v18i4.14241"},{"key":"ref106\/cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.22.070"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref107\/cit107","first-page":"197","volume":"14","author":"Eskandari S. E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref108\/cit108","volume-title":"Topical liposomal amphotericin B gel treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study","author":"Horev A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref109\/cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/ijpr.2020.113710.14445"},{"key":"ref110\/cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12357"},{"key":"ref111\/cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1280240"},{"key":"ref112\/cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040359"},{"key":"ref113\/cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.05.042"},{"key":"ref114\/cit114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1413444"},{"key":"ref115\/cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02267-2","volume":"314","author":"Najafi-Taher R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref116\/cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099"},{"key":"ref117\/cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-024-01419-8"},{"key":"ref118\/cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2018.04.007"},{"key":"ref119\/cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(97)00126-0"},{"key":"ref120\/cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00423-7"},{"key":"ref121\/cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501759200"},{"key":"ref122\/cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/LPR-120004790"},{"key":"ref123\/cit123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2017.07.002"},{"key":"ref124\/cit124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20098"},{"key":"ref125\/cit125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1656"},{"key":"ref126\/cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2019.1648479"},{"key":"ref127\/cit127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2014.02.005"},{"key":"ref128\/cit128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.885999"},{"key":"ref129\/cit129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.12.003"},{"key":"ref130\/cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.07.001"},{"key":"ref131\/cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-015-0261-z"},{"key":"ref132\/cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.07.032"},{"key":"ref133\/cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.05.061"},{"key":"ref134\/cit134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.06.028"},{"key":"ref135\/cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02686G"},{"key":"ref136\/cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.009"},{"key":"ref137\/cit137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.3c00174"},{"key":"ref138\/cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c00046","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c00046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T08:15:00Z","timestamp":1750148100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c00046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acsomega.5c00046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c00046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343","2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}}}