{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:24:28Z","timestamp":1790047468709,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008463","name":"Universitas Airlangga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733\/B\/UN3.LPPM\/PT.01.03\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733\/B\/UN3.LPPM\/PT.01.03\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE). Theophylline is among bronchodilator drugs consumed to overcome breathing difficulties, but accurate monitoring is required to avoid side effects. Therefore, this study aims to develop a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnONF) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites along with boron-doped diamond nanoparticles (ZnONF\/GO\/BDDNPs\/SPE) to detect theophylline. ZnONF is synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and the nanoflower morphology is confirmed through field emission-scanning electron microscopy with an average petal size of 62.33 nm. In electrochemical detection of theophylline, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique is used to determine the signal to background (S\/B), linearity and detection limits, selectivity, reproducibility, and recovery. The results show that the S\/B value produced by the ZnONF\/GO\/BDDNPs\/SPE electrode is 4.91. The ZnONF\/GO\/BDDNPs\/SPE electrode also exhibits the highest active surface area (0.045 cm2), facilitating enhanced electron transfer. This value is higher compared to that of the ZnONF unmodified electrode. The limits of detection and quantification values are 0.17 and 0.58 \u03bcM, respectively. Theophylline measurements using the electrodes prove to be selective against similar compounds and determination in the real sample, namely, theobromine, caffeine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid. Good precision values are obtained with a %RSD value of 0.73%. The accuracy is tested in actual samples of urine, medicine, and coffee, indicating good recovery values of 103.69, 96.2, and 94.19%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnONF\/GO\/BDDNPs electrode is suitable for theophylline determination and health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c03180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T03:41:31Z","timestamp":1750390891000},"page":"27435-27447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sensitive and Selective\nTheophylline Electrochemical\nDetection on ZnO Nanoflowers\/Graphene Oxide\/Boron-Doped Diamond Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Syarifa","family":"Sabilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Airlangga , , ,","place":["Surabaya, Indonesia, 60115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2730-0786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prastika Krisma","family":"Jiwanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Airlangga , , ,","place":["Surabaya, Indonesia, 60115"]},{"name":"Universitas Airlangga , , ,","place":["Surabaya, Indonesia, 60115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-9012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo University of Science , , 2641 Yamazaki , , ,","place":["Noda, Chiba, Japan, 278-8510"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo University of Science , , 2641 Yamazaki , , ,","place":["Noda, Chiba, Japan, 278-8510"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Kusunoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo University of Science , , 2641 Yamazaki , , ,","place":["Noda, Chiba, Japan, 278-8510"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2770-4772","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Afif Akmal","family":"Afkauni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Center Indonesia , , , ,","place":["South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, 15314"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa Sufia","family":"Latifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Center Indonesia , , , ,","place":["South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, 15314"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-6099","authenticated-orcid":true,"family":"Arramel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Center Indonesia , , , ,","place":["South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, 15314"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahta","family":"Amrillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Airlangga , , ,","place":["Surabaya, Indonesia, 60115"]},{"name":"Universitas Airlangga , , ,","place":["Surabaya, Indonesia, 60115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1463-6352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yeni Wahyuni","family":"Hartati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Padjadjaran , , ,","place":["Jatinangor, Indonesia, 45363"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4809-550X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qonita Kurnia","family":"Anjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast , , 97 Lisburn Road , ,","place":["Belfast, U.K., BT9\n7BL"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia Mariana\nTesa Ayudia","family":"Putri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Indonesia , , Kampus UI , , ,","place":["Depok, Jakarta, Indonesia, 16424"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarnuzi","family":"Gunlazuardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Indonesia , , Kampus UI , , ,","place":["Depok, Jakarta, Indonesia, 16424"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026081811275960200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13081166","article-title":"An Electrochemical Electrode to Detect Theophylline\nBased on Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Composited with Graphene Oxide","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"April","key":"2026081811275960200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130616","article-title":"High-Performance\nCatalytic Strips Assembled with BiOBr Nano-Rose Architectures for\nElectrochemical and SERS Detection of Theophylline","volume":"425","author":"Balaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"January","key":"2026081811275960200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2021.100037","article-title":"Electroanalytical\nOverview: The Electroanalytical Detection\nof Theophylline","volume":"3","author":"Crapnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"2026081811275960200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2020.05.007","article-title":"A Novel Electrochemical\nSensor for Selective Determination of Theophylline in Pharmaceutical\nFormulations","volume":"111","author":"Kilele","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811275960200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v13i1.21","article-title":"Buffer-Free\nHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination\nof Theophylline in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms","volume":"13","author":"Kanakal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081811275960200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.14704\/nq.2021.19.7.NQ21103","article-title":"Theophylline Determination\nin Pharmaceuticals Using a Novel High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic\nProcess","volume":"19","author":"Al-Salman","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroQuantology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081811275960200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10080326","article-title":"Optical Immunoassays\nMethods in Protein Analysis: An Overview","volume":"10","author":"Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"issue":"April","key":"2026081811275960200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2020.100008","article-title":"Electrochemical\nInvestigation of Dopamine in Presence\nof Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid at Poly (Reactive Blue) Modified Carbon\nPaste Electrode: A Voltammetric Study","volume":"1","author":"Shashikumara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens.\nInt."},{"issue":"1\u201329","key":"2026081811275960200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202400088","article-title":"Efficacy\nof Phthalocyanine-Based\nCatalysts in Electrochemical Sensors\u202f: A Comprehensive Review","author":"C P","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advsensorres"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081811275960200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-07399-9","article-title":"Electrochemical Sensing Platform\nBased on Modified Graphite Screen-Printed Electrode to Determine Isoproterenol\nin the Presence of Theophylline and Acetaminophen","volume":"33","author":"Baezzat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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Int."},{"key":"2026081811275960200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234247","article-title":"Graphene Oxide: A Smart (Starting)\nMaterial for Natural Methylxanthines Adsorption and Detection","volume":"24","author":"Petrucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081811275960200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.17P526","article-title":"Selective\nDetermination of Levodopa\nin the Presence of Vitamin B 6, Theophylline and Guaifenesin Using\na Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with a Composite of Hematoxylin\nand Graphene\/ZnO","volume":"34","author":"Beitollahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. 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Nanostruct. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081811275960200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082112","article-title":"Distinguished\nContributions in the Fields of Biomedical and Environmental Applications\nIncorporating Nanostructured Materials and Composites in Journal Molecules","volume":"26","author":"Stylianakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081811275960200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-018-3294-3","article-title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation\nof Methyl Orange Using ZnO\/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites","volume":"44","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Chem. 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Phys. A:Mater. Sci. Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081811275960200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac0c9c","article-title":"One-Step,\nLow Temperature Synthesis of Reduced Graphene\nOxide Decorated with ZnO Nanocrystals Using Galvanized Iron Steel\nScrap","volume":"8","author":"Tolentino-Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811275960200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-022-05923-9","article-title":"Enhanced Antibacterial\nProperty of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Incorporation of Graphene\nOxide","volume":"104","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081811275960200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-5530-1","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of GO\/ZnO\u2013Ag\nNanocomposite and Evaluation of Rhodamine B Dye under Sun Light","volume":"28","author":"Govindhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.:Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"August","key":"2026081811275960200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5052092","article-title":"Thermal Decomposition\nRoute to Synthesize ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Application","volume":"2009","author":"Jayswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081811275960200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-018-9483-4","article-title":"The Correlation among Morphology,\nOxygen Vacancies and Properties of ZnO Nanoflowers","volume":"29","author":"Hezam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.:Mater. 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Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"2026081811275960200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.137094","article-title":"Simultaneous Voltammetric Detection of Six Biomolecules\nUsing a Nanocomposite of Titanium Dioxide Nanorods with Multi-Walled\nCarbon Nanotubes","volume":"362","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026081811275960200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.03.098","article-title":"Molecularly Imprinted Poly\u00ad(4-Amino-5-Hydroxy-2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic\nAcid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as an Electrochemical Theophylline\nSensor","volume":"65","author":"Aswini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. 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