{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:47:48Z","timestamp":1791924468501,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010567","name":"Secretar?a de Estado de Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SECTEI-093-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI-093-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Secretar?a de Educaci?n, Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n de la Ciudad de M?xico","award":["SECTEI-093-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI-093-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biodiesel production from used cooking oil (WCO) is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, but its high free fatty acid (FFA) content (&amp;gt;5 wt %) makes direct basic transesterification difficult. This study presents an integrated two-stage strategy that optimizes the acid esterification of oleic acid (the dominant FFA in WCO) using response surface methodology (RSM, Box\u2013Behnken) and then evaluates downstream transesterification, while reporting green chemistry metrics alongside conversion. The RSM model identified an optimum at a methanol-to-oleic acid ratio of 8.44:1, 2 wt % H2SO4, and 363 min. Kinetic validation showed that conversion reaches \u223c94% within 90 min and then plateaus, indicating a practical endpoint that reduces energy and time with minimal yield loss. Applied to a WCO feed (8.12 wt % FFA), the pretreatment reduced FFA to \u223c2.4 wt %, enabling transesterification of the base to \u223c98 wt % FAME with &amp;lt;0.5 wt % residual FFA. The final biodiesel met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications and exhibited a favorable FAME profile (\u223c75.6% methyl oleate). Green chemistry analysis clarified the trade-offs of these results, with the esterification showing high theoretical atom economy (\u223c94%), while the transesterification provided a low E-factor (\u223c0.26) and high atom efficiency (\u223c87.7%) in a wash-free gravity settling process with methanol recovery\/reuse. Treatment of crude glycerol as a byproduct further improves the material efficiency. The results demonstrate a robust and scalable pathway for WCO biodiesel that combines statistical optimization with sustainability assessment, delivering high conversion with reduced material intensity and waste, and offering an adaptable framework for other high FFA feedstocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c06167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:01:51Z","timestamp":1789520511000},"page":"60640-60651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-Stage Optimization\nof Oleic Acid Esterification\nvia Response Surface Methodology and Green Chemistry Metrics Selection\nfor Biodiesel from WCO"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jesu\u0301s D.","family":"Betancourt de la Paz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta Y.","family":"Mena-Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-1186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fidel A.","family":"Aguilar-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabia\u0301n S.","family":"Mederos-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Gonza\u0301lez Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis R.","family":"Marti\u0301nez Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5247-9658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rau\u0301l","family":"Herna\u0301ndez-Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polite\u0301cnico Nacional , , Av. Acueducto S\/N, Col. La Laguna Ticoma\u0301n , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo Y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio) , ,","place":["Ciudad de Me\u0301xico, Me\u0301xico, 07340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101315084492600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2016.08.001","article-title":"Biodiesel fuels","volume-title":"Progress in Energy and Combustion Science","author":"Knothe","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101315084492600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2021.100158","article-title":"Advances in Biotechnological\nApplications of Waste Cooking Oil","volume":"4","author":"Awogbemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud.\nChem. Environ. 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Manage"},{"key":"2026101315084492600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3390\/catal14090581","article-title":"Efficient\nand Sustainable Biodiesel\nProduction via Transesterification: Catalysts and Operating Conditions","volume":"14","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101315084492600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9841","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-01756-8","article-title":"Statistical Optimization\nfor Fatty Acid Reduction in Waste Cooking Oil Using a Biological Method\nand the Continuous Process for Polyhydroxyalkanoate and Biodiesel\nProduction","volume":"13","author":"Sangkharak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. 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A Review","volume":"82","author":"Mansir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable\nEnergy Rev"},{"key":"2026101315084492600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.07.037","article-title":"Investigation of\nHeterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst Performance on Low Grade Feedstocks\nfor Biodiesel Production: A Review","volume":"141","author":"Mansir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers.\nManage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315084492600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-00659-4\/Published","article-title":"Comparison of Free Fatty Acid Conversion\nYields for Esterification Assisted by Single-and Dual-Frequency Sonication","volume":"11","author":"Seithtanabutara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. 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