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In this review, we first briefly introduce electrocatalysis and biocidal applications of Cu, with the discussion on electrocatalysis geared toward the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added fuels and chemicals. Second, the underlying mechanisms for the enhancement of the electrocatalytic and biocidal properties by means of morphology manipulation are discussed, followed by a review of chemical and electrochemical techniques used to synthesize nanoporous Cu. Additionally, the parameters that enable fine-tuning of the sizes and structures of the resulting porosity are outlined, including the composition and crystal structure of the precursors, along with electrochemical factors such as electrolyte, applied overpotential, and treatment time. This review elucidates the crucial role that the nanostructure of Cu plays in augmenting the electrocatalytic efficiency and self-sterilizing attributes of Cu. Moreover, it provides insights into and discusses the challenges in designing advanced functional nanomaterials and synthesizing well-controlled morphologies essential for sustainable electrocatalysis and antimicrobial applications in diverse fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c08641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T18:17:47Z","timestamp":1771870667000},"page":"14131-14157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Review of the\nDesign and Synthesis of (Electro)chemically\nInduced Three-dimensional Nanoporous Copper: A Strategic Element for\nCO2 Electro-Reduction and Self-Sanitization Applications"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-6061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Foroozan\nEbrahimy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , 200 College Street , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5"]},{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , 200 College Street , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma-Alondra","family":"Hermoso-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , 200 College Street , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5"]},{"name":"Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos , , Av. Universidad No.1 1001, Chamilpa , , ,","place":["Cuernavaca, Morerlos, Mexico, 62209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , 200 College Street , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-2670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Drew","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081508080745200_cit1","volume-title":"The Technology of\nMan: A Visual History","author":"Birdsall","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026081508080745200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2143\/IA.52.0.3269015","article-title":"A GRAVE OF THE HALIL RUD VALLEY (JIROFT,\nIRAN, CA.\n2400\u20132200 BC): STRATIGRAPHY, TAPHONOMY, FUNERARY PRACTICES","volume":"52","author":"Desset","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. 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