{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T14:27:23Z","timestamp":1786804043515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H06881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H06881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hospital-acquired infections remain a persistent threat in healthcare settings, especially with the increasing number of elderly and immunocompromised patients. In situations where the use of disposable materials is difficult, durable antibacterial surface coatings are essential. In this study, we report the structural characterization of cetylpyridinium chloride-graphene oxide (CPC\u2013GO) hybrid materials and the sustainability of their antibacterial effects, aiming at washable antibacterial coatings for medical applications. Graphene oxide (GO) has a large surface area and numerous functional groups, while cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium compound with well-documented antibacterial activity. We hypothesized that the stable incorporation of CPC through the functional groups of GO could improve surface retention and provide long-term antibacterial performance. The structural properties of the CPC\u2013GO composites were characterized by UV\u2013vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. These analyses confirmed the formation of a complex through ionic bonds and the maintenance of a planar composite structure. The antibacterial performance of the CPC\u2013GO coatings was examined using representative bacteria. Notably, the CPC\u2013GO coatings maintained their antibacterial activity significantly better than the negative controls even after multiple washings. The excellent surface retention of the CPC\u2013GO composite suggests its potential as a next-generation antibacterial coating for areas where disinfection and sterilization are impossible, such as the interior of complex medical devices. This study suggests a strategy to extend the efficacy of existing antibacterial agents through the application of nanomaterials. Future studies will focus on the controlled release, long-term stability, and biocompatibility of CPC to realize clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c10140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:42:32Z","timestamp":1772152952000},"page":"14570-14577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water-Resistant\nAntibacterial Coatings Using Cetylpyridinium\nChloride - Graphene Oxide Composites"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6648-1906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Okubo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama University , , 2-5-1 Shikata-cho , Kita-ku, ,","place":["Okayama, Japan, 700-8525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama University , , 2-5-1 Shikata-cho , Kita-ku, ,","place":["Okayama, Japan, 700-8525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Komoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama University , , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, ,","place":["Okayama, Japan, 700-8530"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama University , , 2-5-1 Shikata-cho , Kita-ku, ,","place":["Okayama, Japan, 700-8525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-1753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuta","family":"Nishina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama University , , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, ,","place":["Okayama, Japan, 700-8530"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-6829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shogo","family":"Takashiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama University , , 2-5-1 Shikata-cho , Kita-ku, ,","place":["Okayama, Japan, 700-8525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5333","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105333","article-title":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Healthcare-Associated\nInfections in Geriatric Patients: A Narrative Review","volume":"18","author":"Cristina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit2","volume-title":"Guidelines for Disinfection and Sterilization\nin Healthcare Facilities","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081508061366800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.52.1.111-117.1946","article-title":"Cetyl Pyridinium\nChloride","volume":"52","author":"Quisno","year":"1946","journal-title":"J.\nBacteriol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081508061366800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x","article-title":"Cationic Antiseptics: Diversity of\nAction under a Common\nEpithet","volume":"99","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect\nin atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12731","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR02164D","article-title":"Chemical and Electrochemical\nSynthesis of Graphene\nOxide- A Generalized View","volume":"12","author":"Nishina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.05.108","article-title":"Insight into\nthe Ultrasonication\nof Graphene Oxide with Strong Changes in Its Properties and Performance\nfor Adsorption Applications","volume":"373","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2025.120296","article-title":"Grafting-through functionalization\nof graphene oxide with cationic polymers for enhanced adsorption of\nanionic dyes and viruses","volume":"238","author":"Kimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2025.120015","article-title":"Reversible\nChemical Modifications\nof Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Viral Capture and Release in Water","volume":"234","author":"Ferre-Pujol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.07.016","article-title":"Elucidation of siRNA\nComplexation\nEfficiency by Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide","volume":"122","author":"Chau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70739","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.70739","article-title":"Polyglycerol-Grafted Graphene Oxide\nwith pH-Responsive Charge-Convertible Surface to Dynamically Control\nthe Nanobiointeractions for Enhanced in Vivo Tumor Internalization","volume":"21","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33264","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13297","article-title":"Mass Production\nof Graphene Oxide Beyond the Laboratory: Bridging the Gap Between\nAcademic Research and Industry","volume":"18","author":"Nishina","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b01747","article-title":"Polymer-Brush-Decorated\nGraphene\nOxide: Precision Synthesis and Liquid-Crystal Formation","volume":"35","author":"Ohno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081508061366800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1024303","article-title":"In Vivo Pharmacokinetics,\nLong-Term Biodistribution, and Toxicology of PEGylated Graphene in\nMice","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.11.094","article-title":"Tailoring\nthe Interaction between Graphene Oxide and Antibacterial Pyridinium\nSalts by Terminal Functional Groups","volume":"160","author":"Fujii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026081508061366800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21205-4","article-title":"Sustained Antibacterial\nCoating with Graphene Oxide Ultrathin Film Combined with Cationic\nSurface-Active Agents in a Wet Environment","volume":"12","author":"Miyaji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081508061366800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04132","article-title":"Evaluation\nof the Simulator with\nAutomatic Irrigation Control System Designed for Countermeasures of\nInternal Contamination in Dental Unit Water Lines","volume":"6","author":"Okubo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081508061366800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02306","article-title":"Effectiveness\nand Safety of Low-Concentrated Ozonized Water for the Reduction of\nContamination in Dental Unit Water Lines","volume":"5","author":"Okubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c10140","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/9\/14570\/63268083\/ao5c10140.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/9\/14570\/63268083\/ao5c10140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:36:36Z","timestamp":1786800996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/9\/14570\/5078862\/Water-Resistant-Antibacterial-Coatings-Using"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c10140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}