{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:23:26Z","timestamp":1791984206627,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":336,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005616","name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016813","name":"Equinor","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000159","name":"Natural Resources Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000159","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ACS Omega"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c10510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:44:40Z","timestamp":1773445480000},"page":"17013-17078","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Geological and Technical Foundations of Offshore CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Storage in Depleted Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Md Shaheen","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]},{"name":"Memorial University","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8527-9087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sohrab","family":"Zendehboudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]},{"name":"Memorial University","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-0758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xili","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]},{"name":"Memorial University","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5638-4299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faisal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]},{"name":"Memorial University","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]},{"name":"Mary Kay O\u2019Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering","place":["College Station, United States"]},{"name":"Texas A&M University","place":["College Station, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4001-3415","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noori M. Cata","family":"Saady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]},{"name":"Memorial University","place":["St. John\u2019s, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1548-7571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Mohamadi-Baghmolaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-2103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dru J.","family":"Heagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","unstructured":"Trends\nin atmospheric carbon dioxide \u2013 Weekly average CO\n                        2\n                        at Mauna Loa\n                      \n                      . National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global Monitoring Laboratory, July 1, 2025. https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/ccgg\/trends\/weekly.html (accessed July 1, 2025)."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","unstructured":"Nagabhushan, D.\n                      \n                        Leveraging Enhanced Oil Recovery for Large-Scale Saline Storage of CO\n                        2\n                      \n                      . Clean Air Task Force, June 24, 2019. https:\/\/www.catf.us\/2019\/06\/leveraging-enhanced-oil-recovery-for-large-scale-saline-storage-of-co2\/ (accessed July 1, 2025)."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c04939"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2016.04.012"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.04.058"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ef301278c"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ef200199r"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","unstructured":"Littlefield, A.\n                      Carbon Capture Technology Is Ready. Permitting Needs to Catch Up\n                      . Utility Dive, April 24, 2025. https:\/\/www.utilitydive.com\/news\/carbon-capture-technology-injection-well-permitting-payne\/745918 (accessed July 1, 2025)."},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","unstructured":"Malischek, R.; McCulloch, S.\n                      \n                        World Has Vast Capacity to Store CO\n                        2\n                        : Net Zero Means We\u2019ll Need It\n                      \n                      . International Energy Agency, April 1, 2021. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/commentaries\/the-world-has-vast-capacity-to-store-co2-net-zero-means-we-ll-need-it (accessed July 1, 2025)."},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","unstructured":"Reeves, S. R.\n                      \n                        Demonstration of a Novel, Integrated, Multi-Scale Procedure for High-Resolution 3D Reservoir Characterization and Improved CO\n                        2\n                        -EOR\/Sequestration Management, SACROC Unit\n                      \n                      . Advanced Resources International, Incorporated; U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory: Washington, DC, 2008; Final Report No. DE-FC26-04NT15514. https:\/\/netl.doe.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-05\/nt15514-final-report.pdf (accessed July 1, 2025)."},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enrev.2023.100016"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162777"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.4.5.325"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2025.205711"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3304820"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","unstructured":"Ringrose, P.; Karstad, P. I.; Hagen, S.; Paasch, B.; Furre, A.K.; Zweigel, P.; Nazarian, B.; Thorsen, R. Leveraging Infrastructure, Storage and EOR to Get Significant CCS Scale-up: Norway Case.\n                      \n                        Presented at Stanford Center for Carbon Storage Annual Meeting, Workshop on CO\n                        2\n                        EOR plus Storage\n                      \n                      , May 26, 2017; Statoil ASA: Norway. https:\/\/sccs.stanford.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/sbiybj17761\/files\/media\/file\/sccs2017_ws_philip_ringrose_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","unstructured":"Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; De Coninck, H. C.; Loos, M.; Meyer, L.\n                      IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage\n                      ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2005. https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/03\/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","unstructured":"The Global Status of CCS\n                      ; Global CCS Institute: Melbourne,\nAustralia, 2024. https:\/\/www.globalccsinstitute.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Global-Status-Report-6-November.pdf, (accessed July 7, 2025)."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2023.212589"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2024.213425"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.136318"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2012.12.004"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121582"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(99)00149-1"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","unstructured":"Best Practices: Risk Management and Simulation for Geologic\nStorage\nProjects\n                      ; DOE\/NETL-2017\/1844; National Energy\nTechnology Laboratory (NETL), 2017. https:\/\/www.netl.doe.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-10\/BPM-SiteScreening.pdf."},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","unstructured":"Jewell, S.; Senior, B.\n                      \n                        CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Liabilities in the North Sea: An Assessment of Risks and Financial Consequences\n                      \n                      . Summary Report for DECC; UK Department of Energy and Climate Change: London, 2012. https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1372483, (accessed July 1, 2025)."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17061349"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","unstructured":"Brown, D. E.\n                      Regional Geology of the Scotian Basin\n                      ; Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board, 2008. https:\/\/cdn.cnsoer.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-01\/regional_geology_of_the_scotian_basin_-_2008.pdf."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17010211"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","unstructured":"White, J.; Chiaramonte, L.; Trainor-Guitton, W. Sn\u00f8hvit CO\n                      2\n                      Storage Project: Understanding the Role of Injection Induced Mechanical Deformation. Presented at\n                      Carbon Storage R&D Review Meeting\n                      , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Aug 12\u201314, 2014; Pittsburgh, PA. https:\/\/netl.doe.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/event-proceedings\/2014\/carbon_storage\/3-Joshua-White.pdf, (accessed July 7, 2025)."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","unstructured":"Neele, F.; Wildenborg, T.; Geel, K.; Loeve, D.; Peters, L.; Kahrobaei, S.; Candela, T.; Koenen, M.; Hopmans, P.; van der Valk, K.; Orlic, B.; Vandeweijer, V.\n                      \n                        CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Feasibility in the P18-6 Depleted Gas Field\n                      \n                      ; TNO 2019 R11212; TNO: Utrecht, The Netherlands, March 2020. https:\/\/resolver.tno.nl\/uuid:1beb741f-1152-41c6-b773-ec4022f99145, (accessed July 3, 2025)."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.1609"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135255"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.133552"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/1354-079308-739"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","unstructured":"Hovorka, S.; Meckel, T.; Trevino, R.; Sachde, D. Partnership for Offshore Carbon Storage Resources and Technology Development in the Gulf of Mexico. Presented at\n                      Carbon Capture Front End Engineering Design Studies and CarbonSAFE 2020 Integrated Review Webinar\n                      ; U.S. DOE NETL, Aug 17\u201319, 2020. https:\/\/netl.doe.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/netl-file\/20CSVPR_Sachde_11.pdf."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","unstructured":"Ringrose, P.; Furre, A.K.; Hansen, O. R. Offshore Monitoring Lessons Learned: Sleipner and Sn\u00f8hvit Storage Projects. Presented at\n                      USDOE\/NETL Carbon Storage R&D Project Review Meeting\n                      , Pittsburgh, PA, Aug 20\u201322, 2013. https:\/\/netl.doe.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/event-proceedings\/2013\/carbon%20storage\/USDoE-CO2-Monitoring-Overview-Pittsburgh-August-2013-PDF.pdf, (accessed July 7, 2025)."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.657"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","unstructured":"Port of Rotterdam Authority.\n                      \n                        First CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Project in the Netherlands\nIs Launched\n                      \n                      .\nOct 18, 2023. https:\/\/www.portofrotterdam.com\/en\/news-and-press-releases\/first-co2-storage-project-in-the-netherlands-is-launched (accessed June 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","unstructured":"Genesis Energies.\n                      Shell Goldeneye\nCarbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Project: Environmental Assessment\nCase Study\n                      , 2025. https:\/\/www.genesisenergies.com\/case-study\/shell-goldeneye-carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs (accessed June 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","unstructured":"Chevron. Bayou Bend\nProject Aims to Advance Carbon Dioxide Storage along the US Gulf Coast. June 30, 2025. https:\/\/www.chevron.com\/newsroom\/2025\/q3\/bayou-bend-project-aims-to-advance-carbon-dioxide-storage-along-the-us-gulf-coast (accessed July 01, 2025)."},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","unstructured":"Environmental\nProtection Agency (EPA).\n                      EPA Class\nVI Underground Injection Control Program Relevance\nto Outer Continental Shelf Carbon Sequestration Projects under Department\nof Interior Authority (Report to Congress)\n                      , Dec 3, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-12\/epa-class-vi-ocs-report-to-congress.pdf (accessed July 01, 2025)."},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","unstructured":"U.S. Department\nof Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory\n(NETL).\n                      Carbon Storage Assurance Facility\nEnterprise (CarbonSAFE)\n                      . June 29, 2025. https:\/\/www.netl.doe.gov\/carbon-management\/carbon-storage\/carbonsafe (accessed July 13, 2025)."},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","unstructured":"OnStream\nCO\n                      2\n                      . OnStream Receives\n$26 Million in Federal Funding for Louisiana Offshore\nCarbon Storage Hub Development. Press Release, January\n18, 2024. https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/onstream-receives-26-million-in-federal-funding-for-louisiana-offshore-carbon-storage-hub-development-and-announces-joint-venture-partnership-with-major-midstream-company-302307869.html (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11053-019-09549-7"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2013.11.017"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2008.08.002"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1750-5836(07)00086-2"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","unstructured":"Michael, K.; Allinson, G.; Hou, W.; Ennis-King, J.; Neal, P.; Paterson, L.; Sharma, S.\n                      \n                        Injection Strategies for CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Sites\n                      \n                      (Technical Review 2010-04); IEAGHG, 2010. https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/publications\/injection-strategies-for-co2-storage-sites (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.541"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.249"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004806"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GC000252"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","unstructured":"United States Geological Survey (USGS).\n                      ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat)\n                      , 2025. https:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/data\/comcat (accessed July 12,\n2025)."},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.427"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevino, R.; Hovorka, S.; Meckel, T.\n                      \n                        Offshore CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Resource Assessment of the Northern Gulf of Mexico\n                      \n                      (Contract Report CR2019-Trevino-1); Gulf Coast Carbon Center, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, 2019. https:\/\/www.beg.utexas.edu\/files\/publications\/contract-reports\/CR2019-Trevino-1.pdf, (accessed July 12, 2025).","DOI":"10.2172\/1575411"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/0061385"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2012.01.001"},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4286409"},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1539-8323.1108"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2004.03.071"},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.11.012"},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization\n(ISO).\n                      ISO 27913:2024\u2500Carbon\nDioxide Capture,\nTransportation and Geological Storage\u2500Pipeline Transportation\nSystems\n                      , Geneva, Switzerland, 2024. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/84840.html."},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Greenhouse\nGas R&D Programme\n(IEAGHG). CO\n                      2\n                      Storage\nSite Catalogue. Technical Review 2024-TR03; Cheltenham,\nUK, July 2024. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2024-TR03%20CO2%20Storage%20Site%20Catalogue.pdf (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.511"},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2013.03.021"},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.02.098"},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2008.11.002"},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1996)024<0275:STAAFR>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/522B498D-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D"},{"key":"ref71\/cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/83D91EF7-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D"},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/2F9182CA-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D"},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2004.03.072"},{"key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2007.01.001"},{"key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP363.3"},{"key":"ref76\/cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP363.2"},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","unstructured":"Pothier, H. D.; Wach, G. D.; Zentilli, M. Reservoir and Seal Pairs: Carbon Sequestration in Atlantic Canada.\n                      CSPG\/CSEG\/CWLS GeoConvention 2010\n                      , Search and Discovery Article 90172, 2014. https:\/\/geoconvention.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abstracts\/2010\/0971_GC2010_Reservoir_and_Seal_Pairs.pdf (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857097279.3.227"},{"key":"ref79\/cit79","unstructured":"Equinor.\n                      \n                        Sleipner Partnership\nReleases CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Data\n                      \n                      [Press Release]. June\n12, 2019. https:\/\/www.equinor.com\/news\/archive\/2019-06-12-sleipner-co2-storage-data (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref80\/cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/geoenergy2024-015"},{"key":"ref81\/cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/INT-2014-0225.1"},{"key":"ref82\/cit82","unstructured":"Solomon, S.\n                      Carbon Dioxide Storage: Geological Security and Environmental Issues\u2500Case Study on the Sleipner Gas Field in Norway\n                      ; Bellona Foundation: Oslo, Norway, 2007. https:\/\/bellona.org\/assets\/sites\/3\/Case_Study_on_the_Sleipner_Gas_Field_in_Norway.pdf (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref83\/cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.01.274"},{"key":"ref84\/cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.01.260"},{"key":"ref85\/cit85","first-page":"450","volume-title":"Fifth International Conference on Green Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development (GEESD 2024)","volume":"13279","author":"Jia L.","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref86\/cit86","unstructured":"C&C Reservoirs.\n                      \n                        Sn\u00f8hvit\nCCS Project: An Active Case History for CO\n                        \n                          2\n                        \n                        Storage in a Saline Aquifer\n                      \n                      , 2025. https:\/\/ccreservoirs.com\/the-sleipner-ccs-project-an-active-case-history-for-co2-storage-in-a-saline-aquifer (accessed June 27, 2025)."},{"key":"ref87\/cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/134891-MS"},{"key":"ref88\/cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609.20141851"},{"key":"ref89\/cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4471-2_25"},{"key":"ref90\/cit90","unstructured":"Nicoll, G. D.\n                      \n                        Evaluation of the Nordland Group Overburden as an Effective Seal for the Sleipner CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Site (Offshore Norway) Using Analytical and Stochastic Modelling Techniques\n                      \n                      ; 2012. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1842\/7813 (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref91\/cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/36600-MS"},{"key":"ref92\/cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/LFT-120003717"},{"key":"ref93\/cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bossie-Codreanu, D.; Le-Gallo, Y.; Duquerroix, J. P.; Doerler, N.; Le Thiez, P. CO\n                      2\n                      Sequestration in Depleted Oil Reservoirs. In\n                      Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies\u25006th International Conference\n                      ; Pergamon, 2003; pp 403\u2013408.10.1016\/B978-008044276-1\/50065-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044276-1\/50065-9"},{"key":"ref94\/cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11122275"},{"key":"ref95\/cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/tle42070457.1"},{"key":"ref96\/cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.536"},{"key":"ref97\/cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2991119"},{"key":"ref98\/cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316480724.014"},{"key":"ref99\/cit99","unstructured":"Todorovic, J.; Opedal, N.; Grimstad, A.A.\n                      CCS Well Design Requirements\n                      (Report No. 2024-00065, Version 5); SINTEF Industry: Trondheim, Norway, 2024. https:\/\/standard.no\/globalassets\/fagomrader-sektorer\/petroleum\/reports\/sintef-report_2024-00065_ccs-well-design-requirements_rev_5_final_report.pdf (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref100\/cit100","unstructured":"Gupta, N.; Ravi-Ganesh, P.; Smnichak, J. R.; Conner, A.; Burchwell, A.; Place, M.; Kelley, M.\n                      \n                        Monitoring and Modelling of CO\n                        2\n                        Storage: The Potential for Improving the Cost-Benefit Ratio of Reducing Risk\n                      \n                      (Technical Report 2020-01); IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Cheltenham, UK, 2020. https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/publications\/monitoring-and-modelling-of-co2-storage\/ (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref101\/cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.fb2024085"},{"key":"ref102\/cit102","unstructured":"Hauber, G.\n                      Norway\u2019s Sleipner and Sn\u00f8hvit CCS: Industry Models or Cautionary Tales\n                      ; Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA), 2023; p 62. https:\/\/ieefa.org\/resources\/norways-sleipner-and-snohvit-ccs-industry-models-or-cautionary-tales (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref103\/cit103","unstructured":"Massachusetts\nInstitute of Technology (MIT).\n                      \n                        Sn\u00f8hvit\nCO\n                        2\n                        Storage Project\n                      \n                      . MIT\nCarbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program, 2025. https:\/\/sequestration.mit.edu\/tools\/projects\/snohvit.html (accessed June 27, 2025)."},{"key":"ref104\/cit104","unstructured":"Norwegian\nOffshore Directorate (NOD).\n                      \n                        CO\n                        2\n                        Atlas for the Norwegian Continental Shelf:\nStorage Capacity\u2500Sn\u00f8hvit Area\n                      \n                      , 2024. https:\/\/www.sodir.no\/en\/whats-new\/publications\/co2-atlases\/co2-atlas-for-the-norwegian-continental-shelf\/6-the-barents-sea\/6.2-storage-options-of-the-barents-sea\/6.2.1-saline-aquifers (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref105\/cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2004.03.074"},{"key":"ref106\/cit106","unstructured":"McNamara, M. Norway\u2019s Equinor Admits It Over-Reported Amount of Carbon Captured at Flagship Project for Years. DeSmog, October 28, 2024. https:\/\/www.desmog.com\/2024\/10\/28\/norways-equinor-admits-it-over-reported-amount-of-carbon-captured-at-flagship-project-for-years\/ (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref107\/cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2018.05.024"},{"key":"ref108\/cit108","unstructured":"Brunsvold, A.\n                      \n                        Safety of CO\n                        2\n                        Storage. SINTEF Energy Research\n                      \n                      Blog, May 28, 2020. https:\/\/blog.sintef.com\/energy\/the-safety-of-co2-storage\/ (accessed Apr 10, 2025)."},{"key":"ref109\/cit109","unstructured":"Equinor. Carbon\nStorage Started on Sn\u00f8hvit.\nApr 23, 2008. https:\/\/www.equinor.com\/news\/archive\/2008\/04\/23\/CarbonStorageStartedOnSnhvit (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref110\/cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.214"},{"key":"ref111\/cit111","unstructured":"Rose & Associates.\n                      \n                        Assessing\nthe Long-Term Risks in Subsurface Carbon Storage Projects: Sn\u00f8hvit\nField (CO\n                        2\n                        Injection Project, Example 6 of 8) #15. ROSE\nSubsurface Assessment Blog\n                      \n                      , October 29 2024. https:\/\/www.roseassoc.com\/assessing-the-long-term-risks-in-subsurface-carbon-storage-projects-snohvit-field-co2-injection-project-example-6-of-8-15\/ (accessed July 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref112\/cit112","unstructured":"L\u00f8tveit, I. F.; Gudmundsson, A.; Sydnes, M. The Likelihood of Fault Reactivation and Leakage during CO\n                      2\n                      Injection and Gas Production in the Sn\u00f8hvit Field, the Barents Sea.\n                      Geophys. Res. Abstr.\n                      , 2010, 12, EGU2010-12101. https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010EGUGA.1210128F\/abstract  (accessed July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref113\/cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2014.08.011"},{"key":"ref114\/cit114","unstructured":"Gassnova.\n                      Safe Carbon Storage\n                      , 2023. https:\/\/gassnova.no\/en\/news\/safe-carbon-storage (accessed July 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref115\/cit115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.fb2022027"},{"key":"ref116\/cit116","unstructured":"Norwegian Ocean Industry Authority (NOIA).\n                      \n                        Regulations Relating to Safety and Working\nEnvironment for\nTransport and Injection of CO\n                        2\n                        on the Continental Shelf\n(the CO\n                        2\n                        Safety Regulations)\n                      \n                      (Eng. trans.), 2024. https:\/\/www.havtil.no\/globalassets\/regelverk\/gjeldende-regelverk-2025\/co2-sikkerhetsforskriften_e.pdf (accessed July 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref117\/cit117","unstructured":"Ringrose, P.; S\u00e6ther, \u00d8. CO\n                      2\n                      Injection Operations: Insights from Sleipner and Sn\u00f8hvit.\n                      Presentation at SPE Aberdeen CCUS Conference \u2013 Virtual Event\n                      , October 2020; Equinor ASA. https:\/\/www.spe-aberdeen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Mon_Equinor_SPE-CCUS-Insights-from-Sleipner-and-Sn%C2%A2hvit-26Oct2020.pdf (accessed July 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref118\/cit118","unstructured":"Porthos.\n                      \n                        Permits for CO\n                        2\n                        Storage under\nthe North Sea\n                      \n                      . Sept 16, 2022. https:\/\/www.porthosco2.nl\/en\/permits-for-co2-storage-under-the-north-sea\/ (accessed July 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref119\/cit119","unstructured":"Porthos. Rotterdam\nCompanies and Porthos Sign Contracts for Transport and Storage of\nCO\n                      2\n                      . Dec 20, 2021. https:\/\/www.porthosco2.nl\/en\/rotterdam-companies-and-porthos-sign-contracts-for-transport-and-storage-of-co2\/ (accessed July 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref120\/cit120","unstructured":"Porthos.\n                      \n                        Porthos: Port of\nRotterdam CO\n                        2\n                        Transport Hub and Offshore Storage\n                      \n                      , 2025. https:\/\/www.porthosco2.nl\/en\/ (accessed June 10, 2025)."},{"key":"ref121\/cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2012.09.010"},{"key":"ref122\/cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhai, J.; Chadwick, A. The Role of Subsurface Models to Evaluate Geo-Containment for Safe Storage of CO\n                      2\n                      \u2500A Case Study of the Porthos CCS Project in the Netherlands.\n                      Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ.\n                      2024, Advance online publication. 10.1144\/egc1-2024-15.","DOI":"10.1144\/egc1-2024-15"},{"key":"ref123\/cit123","unstructured":"Porthos CO\n                      2\n                      Specifications. Standard CO\n                      2\n                      Transport\nand Storage Conditions\n[Technical Specification], 2022. https:\/\/www.porthosco2.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Porthos-standard-CO2-Transport-and-Storage-Conditions.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref124\/cit124","unstructured":"European\nCommission. CEF Energy: Visiting\nPorthos, the CO\n                      2\n                      Transport Backbone\nin the Port of Rotterdam Area.\n                      European Climate,\nInfrastructure and Environment Executive Agency\n                      , Mar 19, 2025. https:\/\/cinea.ec.europa.eu\/news-events\/news\/cef-energy-visiting-porthos-co2-transport-backbone-port-rotterdam-area-2025-03-19_en (accessed June 11, 2025)."},{"key":"ref125\/cit125","unstructured":"Kombrink, H. Critical Well Abandonment Project Nears Completion at Porthos CCS Site in Dutch Offshore.\n                      GeoExpro\n                      , June 13, 2022. https:\/\/geoexpro.com\/critical-well-abandonment-project-nears-completion-at-porthos-ccs-site-in-dutch-offshore (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref126\/cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/egc1-2024-15"},{"key":"ref127\/cit127","unstructured":"Loizzo, M.; Rycroft, L.; Moghadam, A.; Pawar, R.; Dudu, A.C.; Vralstad, T. Re-use assessment of a potential CO\n                      2\n                      storage site in the Netherlands;\n                      Technical Report for ACT Horizon2020 Project No. 299681\n                      ; Porthos: Netherlands, Aug. 2022."},{"key":"ref128\/cit128","unstructured":"European Commission.\nC(2022) 3369 Final: Porthos CO\n                      2\n                      TransPorts\nProject Description, 2022. https:\/\/climate.ec.europa.eu\/document\/download\/68c598fe-d8c3-487b-8289-3cadcd4b5f4c_en?filename=c_2022_3369_en.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref129\/cit129","unstructured":"Cavcic, M. What\u2019s Happening with Netherlands\u2019 First Large-Scale Carbon Transport and Storage Project in North Sea?\n                      Offshore Energy\n                      , August 23, 2023. https:\/\/www.offshore-energy.biz\/whats-happening-with-netherlands-first-large-scale-carbon-transport-and-storage-project-in-north-sea\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref130\/cit130","unstructured":"ACTOM Project.\n                      \n                        ACTOM-D1.1:\nGuidelines for Site-Specific Monitoring Strategy for CO\n                        2\n                        Storage\n                      \n                      ; University of Bergen, 2021. https:\/\/actom.w.uib.no\/files\/2021\/01\/ACTOM-D1-1-report.pdf (accessed\nJuly 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref131\/cit131","unstructured":"Th\u00fcrschmid, G. Development of a Risk-Based & Site-Specific Monitoring Strategy for CCS [Conference presentation].\n                      EBN\/RVO\n                      , Dec 2024. https:\/\/www.ebn.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/08_1410-1435_DXD2024_CCS_MMV_Thurschmid_EBN_Public.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref132\/cit132","unstructured":"TechDev\n(RVO). Project\nReport: CO\n                      2\n                      Injection in Porthos\/ROAD Offshore Network.\n                      RVO.nl\n                      , Sept 2020. https:\/\/www.rvo.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/2020\/09\/Bijlagen%20Ondergrond.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref133\/cit133","unstructured":"Porthos. Final Ruling\nof the Dutch Council of State in Porthos Nitrogen Case. Aug 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.porthosco2.nl\/en\/final-ruling-of-the-dutch-council-of-state-in-porthos-nitrogen-case-on-wednesday\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref134\/cit134","unstructured":"Reuters. Dutch Court\nRules Huge Carbon Capture Project Can Go Ahead. Aug\n17, 2023. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/sustainability\/construction-major-dutch-carbon-storage-project-can-continue-high-court-2023-08-16\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref135\/cit135","unstructured":"Dutch Council of\nState Green-Lights Porthos Project.\n                      De Brauw\nNews\n                      , Aug 16, 2023. https:\/\/www.debrauw.com\/articles\/dutch-council-of-state-green-lights-porthos-project (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref136\/cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2022.104814"},{"key":"ref137\/cit137","unstructured":"SINTEF.\n                      Review Report: Well\nIntegrity and Microannuli Assessment for Porthos Permit\n                      ; State Supervision of Mines (SODM), 2021. https:\/\/www.sodm.nl\/binaries\/staatstoezicht-op-de-mijnen\/documenten\/brieven\/2021\/12\/17\/adviezen-sodm-co2-opslagvergunningen-porthos\/Bijlage%2B2%2BSINTEF%2Breport%2BPorthos%2Breview%2Bfinal.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref138\/cit138","unstructured":"Port Environmental\nReview System (PERS).\n                      Port of Rotterdam\nEnvironmental Baseline Report\n                      , Apr 2020. https:\/\/www.portofrotterdam.com\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-05\/port-environmental-review-system-pers-april-2020_0.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref139\/cit139","unstructured":"Port of\nRotterdam. Is the Porthos Project\nSafe for Its Surroundings? 2025. https:\/\/www.porthosco2.nl\/en\/faq\/is-the-porthos-project-safe-for-its-surroundings\/ (accessed June 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref140\/cit140","unstructured":"ISOPLUS. Specialized\nPipe Solutions for the Porthos CCS Project\u2500Leak Detection, 2025. https:\/\/www.isoplus.group\/references\/details\/reference\/gasunie-rotterdam\/ (accessed June 14, 2025)."},{"key":"ref141\/cit141","unstructured":"Rekenkamer, A.\n                      Carbon Storage under the North Sea: On Profits under Water\n                      ; The Netherlands Court of Audit, 2024. https:\/\/english.rekenkamer.nl\/documents\/2024\/03\/28\/carbon-storage-under-the-north-sea (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref142\/cit142","unstructured":"FEED Summary Report\nfor Full CCS Chain\u2500Peterhead CCS Project.\n                      Front End Engineering Design (FEED) Summary Report for\nFull CCS Chain [PDF]\n                      ; UK Government, 2014. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5a7f94cce5274a2e8ab4d0bd\/11.133_-_FEED_Summary_Report_for_Full_CCS_Chain.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref143\/cit143","unstructured":"SEMM\u2500Peterhead\nCCS Project. Peterhead Project Fact Sheet:\nCarbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.\n                      MIT Sequestration\nTraining and Education Program\n                      , 2025. https:\/\/sequestration.mit.edu\/tools\/projects\/peterhead.html (accessed June 15, 2025)."},{"key":"ref144\/cit144","unstructured":"BGS\/Heriot-Watt\nUniversity. Goldeneye Field\nin North Sea Found Suitable for Carbon Storage.\n                      Hazardex\n                      , Sept 17, 2015. https:\/\/www.hazardexonthenet.net\/article\/105460\/Goldeneye-field-in-North-Sea-found-suitable-for-carbon-storage.aspx (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref145\/cit145","unstructured":"Carrington, D. UK Cancels Pioneering \u00a31 Billion Carbon Capture and Storage Competition.\n                      Guardian\n                      , Nov 25, 2015. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2015\/nov\/25\/uk-cancels-pioneering-1bn-carbon-capture-and-storage-competition (accessed June 12, 2025)."},{"key":"ref146\/cit146","unstructured":"Acorn\nConcept Options Report.\n                      Acorn CCS Project\u2500Concept Options\nReport\n                      [PDF]; UK Government, 2021. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6219ec04d3bf7f4f0feef043\/A01_KKD2_D24_Concept_Options_Report_.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref147\/cit147","unstructured":"Storegga.\n                      Acorn Project Partners\nSign MoU with St Fergus Terminal Owners\n                      . July 16, 2021. https:\/\/storegga.earth\/news\/2021\/news\/acorn-project-partners-storegga-shell-u-k-and-harbour-energy-sign-mou-with-the-owners-of-the-segal-and-fuka-gas-terminals-a (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref148\/cit148","unstructured":"North Sea\nTransition Authority (NSTA).\n                      Carbon\nCapture Storage Licence Awarded: London\n                      , 2018. https:\/\/www.nstauthority.co.uk\/news-publications\/carbon-capture-storage-licence-awarded\/ (accessed Sept 26, 2025)."},{"key":"ref149\/cit149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.176"},{"key":"ref150\/cit150","unstructured":"Rice-Birchall, E.\n                      \n                        Geomechanical and Geochemical Analysis of the Captain X Sandstone Member in Relation to CO\n                        2\n                        Sequestration\n                      \n                      , 2018. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Elliot-Rice-Birchall\/publication\/328450255_Geomechanical_and_geochemical_analysis_of_the_Captain_X_Sandstone_Member_in_relation_to_CO2_sequestration\/links\/5bcef3744585152b144ee200\/Geomechanical-and-geochemical-analysis-of-the-Captain-X-Sandstone-Member-in-relation-to-CO2-sequestration.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref151\/cit151","unstructured":"Chadwick, A.; Holloway, S.; Hannis, S.; Rochelle, C.; Williams, J.; Mackay, E.; Tohidi, B. External Review of the Storage Plan for the Peterhead Carbon Capture and Storage Project, 2014. https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/511823\/1\/Goldeneye_Review_Final_10August2015.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref152\/cit152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/154539-MS"},{"key":"ref153\/cit153","unstructured":"Hannis, S.; Chadwick, A.; Pearce, J.; Jones, D.; White, J.; Wright, I.; Connelly, D.; Widdicombe, S.; Blackford, J.; White, P.\n                      Review of Offshore Monitoring for CCS Projects\n                      (IEAGHG Technical Report 2015\/02); IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, 2015. https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/publications\/review-of-offshore-monitoring-for-ccs-projects\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref154\/cit154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.390"},{"key":"ref155\/cit155","unstructured":"Peterhead CCS Storage Development\nPlan.\n                      Storage Development Plan for\nthe Peterhead CCS Project\n                      (Doc. No. PCCS-00-PT-AA-5726\u20131);\nUK Government, 2014. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5a7f717ce5274a2e87db5e28\/DECC_Ready_-_KKD_11.128_Storage_Development_Plan.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref156\/cit156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2017.03.014"},{"key":"ref157\/cit157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2020.103120"},{"key":"ref158\/cit158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1874-5997(08)00015-4"},{"key":"ref159\/cit159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63895-3.00016-4"},{"key":"ref160\/cit160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diegel, F. A.; Karlo, J. F.; Schuster, D. C.; Shoup, R. I.; Tauvers, P. R. Cenozoic Structural Evolution and Tectono-Stratigraphic Framework of the Northern Gulf Coast Continental Margin. In Salt Tectonics: A Global Perspective; American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1995. 10.1306\/M65604C6.","DOI":"10.1306\/M65604C6"},{"key":"ref161\/cit161","unstructured":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM).\n                      Carbon Storage Assessment Methodology v1.0\n                      [Technical\nReport]; U.S. Department of the Interior, 2023. https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/oil-gas-energy\/resource-evaluation\/Carbon_Storage_Assessment_Methodology_1_0.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref162\/cit162","unstructured":"Bayou Bend\nCCS. Bayou\nBend CCS: Project Overview and Key Milestones, March 2022. https:\/\/bayoubend.com (accessed Sept 26, 2025)."},{"key":"ref163\/cit163","unstructured":"Oil &\nGas Journal (OGJ) Editors. Talos Wins Texas Offshore CCS Contract.\n                      Oil\n& Gas Journal\n                      , Aug 25, 2021. https:\/\/www.ogj.com\/energy-transition\/article\/14209291\/talos-wins-texas-offshore-ccs-contract (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref164\/cit164","unstructured":"Offshore\nEnergy. Scottish\nSubsea Surveys Provider Gets on Board U.S. Carbon Capture and Storage\nProject.\n                      Offshore-Energy.biz\n                      , May 2024. https:\/\/www.offshore-energy.biz\/scottish-subsea-surveys-provider-gets-on-board-us-carbon-capture-and-storage-project\/ (accessed June 16, 2025)."},{"key":"ref165\/cit165","unstructured":"Christensen, M. Bayou Bend CCS Expansion: Equinor\u2019s Strategic Move in Carbon Capture.\n                      TGS Weekly Spotlight\n                      , Sept 1, 2023. https:\/\/www.tgs.com\/weekly-spotlight\/09-01-2023 (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref166\/cit166","unstructured":"Talos Energy\nInc.\n                      Talos,\nCarbonvert and Chevron Announce Closing of Previously Announced Joint\nVenture Expansion of the Bayou Bend CCS Project Offshore Jefferson\nCounty\n                      , Texas, Press Release,\nMay 24, 2022. https:\/\/www.talosenergy.com\/investor-relations\/news\/news-details\/2022\/TALOS-CARBONVERT-AND-CHEVRON-ANNOUNCE-CLOSING-OF-PREVIOUSLY-ANNOUNCED-JOINT-VENTURE-EXPANSION-OF-THE-BAYOU-BEND-CCS-PROJECT-OFFSHORE-JEFFERSON-COUNTY-TEXAS\/default.aspx (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref167\/cit167","unstructured":"Chevron\nCorporation.\n                      Bayou\nBend Expands Carbon Capture to Southeast Texas\n                      . Press Release,\nMar 6, 2023. https:\/\/www.chevron.com\/newsroom\/2023\/q1\/bayou-bend-expands-carbon-capture-project-to-onshore-southeast-texas (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref168\/cit168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112010003319"},{"key":"ref169\/cit169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.03.054"},{"key":"ref170\/cit170","unstructured":"Hart Energy Staff. Talos Energy Executes Carbon Capture Site Lease,\nEstablishes Strategic\nAlliance with Core Lab.\n                      Hart Energy\n                      , Mar 16, 2022. https:\/\/www.hartenergy.com\/exclusives\/talos-energy-executes-carbon-capture-site-lease-establishes-strategic-alliance-core-lab\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref171\/cit171","unstructured":"Offshore\nMagazine.\n                      First\nCCS Well Drilling Offshore Texas\n                      . Feb 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.offshore-mag.com\/energy-transition\/article\/14305944\/talos-energy-first-ccs-well-drilling-offshore-texas (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref172\/cit172","unstructured":"Klinge, N. Talos Energy Secures Site for Its Texas CCS Project and Forms Alliance with Core Laboratories.\n                      Upstream\n                      , Mar 16, 2022. https:\/\/www.upstreamonline.com\/energy-transition\/talos-energy-secures-site-for-its-texas-ccs-project\/2-1-1185929 (accessed Sept 26, 2025)."},{"key":"ref173\/cit173","unstructured":"U.S. Department\nof Energy, Office of Scientific\nand Technical Information (OSTI).\n                      CCS Opportunity\nalong the Gulf Coast Corridor\n                      (Final\nReport), 2022. https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/2352711 (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref174\/cit174","unstructured":"Hydro-International. Bayou Bend CCS Selects Sulmara for\nOffshore Geophysical Survey. Apr 12, 2024. https:\/\/www.hydro-international.com\/content\/news\/bayou-bend-ccs-selects-sulmara-for-offshore-geophysical-survey (accessed Sept 27, 2025)."},{"key":"ref175\/cit175","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency (EPA). Class\nVI Wells Used for Geologic Sequestration of\nCarbon Dioxide. 2025. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/uic\/class-vi-wells-used-geologic-sequestration-co2 (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref176\/cit176","unstructured":"Radtke, P. Developers Eye Louisiana, Texas Coasts for Offshore Carbon Storage.\n                      Louisiana Illuminator\n                      , Dec 16, 2024. https:\/\/lailluminator.com\/2024\/12\/16\/offshore-carbon-storage\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref177\/cit177","unstructured":"BIC Magazine. OnStream\nReceives $26M in Federal Funding for Louisiana Offshore Carbon Storage\nHub Development. Nov 20, 2024. https:\/\/www.bicmagazine.com\/projects-expansions\/midstream\/onstream-receives-26m-in-federal-funding-for-louisiana-offshore-carbon-storage-hub-development\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref178\/cit178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2025.1513164"},{"key":"ref179\/cit179","unstructured":"Bracewell, L. L. P. Bracewell Represents Enbridge in OnStream CO\n                      2\n                      Investment. Nov 18, 2024. https:\/\/www.bracewell.com\/news-events\/bracewell-represents-enbridge-in-onstream-co2-investment\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref180\/cit180","unstructured":"Energy Intelligence.\n                      Enbridge Takes Stake in Louisiana CCS\nProject. Nov 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.energyintel.com\/00000193-4649-d00a-a3f7-f6cd591b0000 (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref181\/cit181","unstructured":"Louisiana Department\nof Natural Resources, Office of Conservation.\nMemorandum to Interested Parties for Louisiana Class VI Injection\nWells: LA,Class VI\nPrimacy. Jan 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.dnr.louisiana.gov\/assets\/OC\/ClassVI\/Primacy\/Class_VI_Interested_Parties_Memo_Jan_9_2024.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref182\/cit182","unstructured":"Blum, J.; Mulder, B. Chevron Joins Bayou Bend CCS Project for First Offshore Carbon Capture Hub in US Gulf.\n                      S&P Global Commodity Insights\n                      , May 3, 2022. https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodity-insights\/en\/news-research\/latest-news\/natural-gas\/050322-chevron-joins-bayou-bend-ccs-project-for-first-offshore-carbon-capture-hub-in-us-gulf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref183\/cit183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2018.12.009"},{"key":"ref184\/cit184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024WR037059"},{"key":"ref185\/cit185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhattacherjee, R.; Botchway, K. O.; Hu, X.; Pashin, J.; Chakraborty, G. Evaluating CO\n                      2\n                      Storage Potential of Offshore Reservoirs and Saline Formations in Central Gulf of Mexico by Employing Data-Driven Models with SAS Viya.\n                      arXiv\n                      2022, arXiv:2212.00752. 10.48550\/arXiv.2212.00752.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2212.00752"},{"key":"ref186\/cit186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2023.103884"},{"key":"ref187\/cit187","unstructured":"Hosseini, S.; Horvorka, S.; Savvaidis, A.; Kavoura, F.; Nicot, J.P.\n                      \n                        Current State of Knowledge Regarding the Risk of Induced Seismicity at CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Projects\n                      \n                      . IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG), Technical Report, Jan 1, 2022. https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/publications\/current-state-of-knowledge-regarding-the-risk-of-induced-seismicity-at-co2-storage-projects\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref188\/cit188","unstructured":"Barrios, J.; Hawkins, J.; Ganesh, P. R.; Frank-Collins, J.; Gupta, N.; Johnson, K.\n                      De-Risking CCS (DOE Project: DE-FE0031812; Battelle Project: G00051). United States Energy Association (USEA) in Cooperation with the U.S\n                      . Department of Energy, Nov 10, 2022. https:\/\/usea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/event-\/De-risking%20CCS%20for%20DOE%20and%20USEA_FINAL.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref189\/cit189","unstructured":"Aljoe, W. W.; Glazewski, K. A.; Aulich, T. R.; Wildgust, N.; Nakles, D. V.; Azzolina, N. A.; Hamling, J. A.; Pekot, L. J.\n                      \n                        Best Practices Manual: Monitoring for CO\n                        2\n                        Storage\n                      \n                      (No. 2018-EERC-03-15); University of North Dakota, Energy & Environmental Research Center, 2018. https:\/\/pcor.undeerc.org\/media\/z04pr1kg\/pcor-bpm-monitoring-for-co2-storage.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref190\/cit190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB003735"},{"key":"ref191\/cit191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G22357.1"},{"key":"ref192\/cit192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta-Gupta, A.\n                      \n                        Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring and Performance Assessment of CO\n                        2\n                        Sequestration in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs; Report No. FG02-00ER15034\n                      \n                      ; Texas Engineering Experiment Station: College Station, TX, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1372483.","DOI":"10.2172\/1372483"},{"key":"ref193\/cit193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12182-019-0340-8"},{"key":"ref194\/cit194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54363-z"},{"key":"ref195\/cit195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2024.106757"},{"key":"ref196\/cit196","unstructured":"ExxonMobil.\n                      \n                        ExxonMobil Secures\nLargest CO\n                        2\n                        Offshore Storage Site in the U.S\n                      \n                      .\nNews Release, Oct 10, 2024. https:\/\/corporate.exxonmobil.com\/news\/news-releases\/2024\/10102024_exxonmobil-secures-largest-carbon-offshore-storage-site-in-the-us (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref197\/cit197","unstructured":"Texas General\nLand Office (GLO).\n                      Texas Land Commissioner\nBuckingham Secures Largest Carbon Sequestration\nLease\n                      . Oct 10, 2024. https:\/\/www.glo.texas.gov\/about-glo\/press-releases\/texas-land-commissioner-buckingham-secures-largest-carbon-sequestration (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref198\/cit198","unstructured":"Reuters. Exxon Secures\nover 271,000 Acres in Texas Waters for Offshore CO\n                      2\n                      Capture. Oct 11, 2024. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/sustainability\/climate-energy\/exxon-secures-over-271000-acres-texas-waters-offshore-co2-capture-2024-10-10\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref199\/cit199","unstructured":"TankTerminals. ExxonMobil Secures Largest Offshore\nCO\n                      2\n                      Storage Site in the U.S. Oct 11, 2024. https:\/\/tankterminals.com\/news\/exxonmobil-secures-largest-us-co2-storage-site\/(accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref200\/cit200","unstructured":"ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil\nAnnounces Acquisition of Denbury. News Release, July\n13, 2023. https:\/\/corporate.exxonmobil.com\/news\/news-releases\/2023\/0713_exxonmobil-announces-acquisition-of-denbury (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref201\/cit201","unstructured":"ExxonMobil. Calpine,\nExxonMobil Sign CO\n                      2\n                      Transportation\nand Storage Agreement for Power Generation Project. Apr 23, 2025. https:\/\/corporate.exxonmobil.com\/news\/news-releases\/2025\/0423_calpine-exxonmobil-sign-co2-transportation-and-storage-agreement-for-power-generation-project (accessed Sept 26, 2025)."},{"key":"ref202\/cit202","unstructured":"German, K. Exxon Expands Gulf Coast Carbon Storage Network.\n                      Axios\n                      , Oct 10, 2024. https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2024\/10\/10\/exxon-expands-gulf-coast-carbon-storage-network (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref203\/cit203","unstructured":"Gulf Coast\nCarbon Center (GCCC).\n                      \n                        Texas Offshore\nMiocene CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Project \u2013 Regional\nGeology and Capacity Overview\n                      \n                      ; University\nof Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, June 2024. https:\/\/gccc.beg.utexas.edu\/research\/miocene (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref204\/cit204","unstructured":"Carr, D. L.; Wallace, K. J.; Yang, C.; Nicholson, A. J. CO\n                      2\n                      Sequestration Capacity Sectors in Miocene Strata of the Offshore Texas State Waters. 2016. http:\/\/www.gcags.org\/exploreanddiscover\/2016\/00103_carr_et_al.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref205\/cit205","unstructured":"Boulter, S.; Zhu, Y. CO\n                      2\n                      Storage Site Screening for Depleted Fields on the Texas Gulf Coast.\n                      S&P Global Commodity Insights\n                      , Apr 30, 2024. https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodity-insights\/en\/research-analytics\/co2-storage-site-screening-for-depleted-fields-on-the-texas-gu (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref206\/cit206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nemeth, K. J.; Berry, P.; Gray, K. S.; Wernette, B.; Hill, G. R.; Hill, B. W.\n                      Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III Overview of Accomplishments (SECARB Phase III Final Report)\n                      (DOE-SSEB-42590-100121); Southern States Energy Board; NETL, 2021. 10.2172\/1823250.","DOI":"10.2172\/1823250"},{"key":"ref207\/cit207","unstructured":"Wired. The Big Business\nof Burying Carbon. July 28, 2022. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/big-business-burying-carbon-dioxide-capture-storage (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref208\/cit208","unstructured":"University\nof Texas Bureau of Economic Geology (UT BEG).\n                      \n                        TXLA Offshore CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Resource\nAssessment: Seismic and Well-Log Characterization of Texas\u2013Louisiana\nGulf Shelf\n                      \n                      ; Gulf Coast Carbon Center, June 2024. https:\/\/gccc.beg.utexas.edu\/research\/osra (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref209\/cit209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2022.08.002"},{"key":"ref210\/cit210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113945"},{"key":"ref211\/cit211","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\n                      Emergency and remedial response (ECFR)\n                      , 40 C.F.R.\n\u00a7 146.94 (2025). https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-40\/chapter-I\/subchapter-D\/part-146\/subpart-H\/section-146.94 (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref212\/cit212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/tle42010069.1"},{"key":"ref213\/cit213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316480724.019"},{"key":"ref214\/cit214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2014.10.004"},{"key":"ref215\/cit215","unstructured":"Wallmann, K.; Reitz, A. ECO\n                      2\n                      Sub-seabed CO\n                      2\n                      Storage: Impact on Marine ecosystems, 2011. https:\/\/oceanrep.geomar.de\/id\/eprint\/20195\/7\/D7.3_.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref216\/cit216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2021.103421"},{"key":"ref217\/cit217","unstructured":"Holland, D. S.; Leedy, J. B.; Lammlein, D. R. Eugene Island Block 330 Field\u2500U.S.A. Offshore Louisiana.\n                      Search and Discovery\n                      Article #20003, 1999. https:\/\/www.searchanddiscovery.com\/documents\/97015\/eugene.htm (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref218\/cit218","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Structural Traps III: Tectonic Fold and Fault Traps","author":"Holland D. S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref219\/cit219","unstructured":"UT Austin\nNews. Gulf\nCoast ready to develop carbon storage hub. Univ. Texas at Austin, July 5, 2021. https:\/\/news.utexas.edu\/2021\/07\/05\/gulf-coast-ready-to-develop-carbon-storage-hub\/ (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref220\/cit220","unstructured":"Alonso, C.; Boudreau, L.; Cross, K.; Keevan, J.; Stephens, B.; Stradley, S.; Trosclai, K.\n                      Identification of Tier 1 Depleted Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico\n                      . Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, 2022. https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/about-boem\/BOEM-Depleted-Reservoir.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref221\/cit221","unstructured":"Stump, B. B. Illuminating basinal fluid flow in Eugene Island 330 (Gulf of Mexico) through in situ observations, deformation experiments, and hydrodynamic modeling. Master\u2019s Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1998."},{"key":"ref222\/cit222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, R. Q. Summary report on the regional geology, petroleum potential, environmental consideration for development, and estimates of undiscovered recoverable oil and gas resources of the United States Gulf of Mexico Continental Margin in the area of proposed Oil and Gas Lease Sales Nos. 81 and 84.\n                      U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report\n                      84-339, 1984. https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/1984\/0339\/report.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025).","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr84339"},{"key":"ref223\/cit223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/61EEDCCE-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D"},{"key":"ref224\/cit224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-011-9491-0"},{"key":"ref225\/cit225","volume":"6","author":"Finkbeiner T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stanford Rock Physics"},{"key":"ref226\/cit226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/29233-PA"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref227\/cit227","first-page":"1007","volume":"85","author":"Finkbeiner T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"ref228\/cit228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/47212-MS"},{"key":"ref229\/cit229","unstructured":"OSPAR Commission. Decision 2007\/2 on the storage of carbon dioxide streams in geological\nformations and guidelines for risk assessment, 2007. https:\/\/www.ospar.org\/documents?v=32643 (accessed July 17,\n2025)."},{"key":"ref230\/cit230","unstructured":"North Sea\nTransition Authority (NSTA). Guidance on the content of an offshore carbon storage\npermit applications, 2024. https:\/\/www.nstauthority.co.uk\/media\/8649\/guidance-on-the-content-of-an-offshore-carbon-storage-permit-applications.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref231\/cit231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min14040383"},{"key":"ref232\/cit232","unstructured":"North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA). Guidance on applications for a carbon\nstorage permit, 2023. https:\/\/www.nstauthority.co.uk\/media\/oxuhiqtb\/guidance-on-applications-for-a-carbon-storage-permit.pdf#:~:text=capacity%20to%20demonstrate%20the%20viability,and%2For%20prevent%20any%20leakage%20occurringhttps:\/\/www.nstauthority.co.uk\/media\/oxuhiqtb\/guidance-on-applications-for-a-carbon-storage-permit.pdf#:~:text=capacity%20to%20demonstrate%20the%20viability,and%2For%20prevent%20any%20leakage%20occurring (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref233\/cit233","unstructured":"SLB.\n                      Optiq Seismic Fiber-Optic\nBorehole Seismic Solution for Reservoir Monitoring\n                      ; Schlumberger, 2022. https:\/\/www.slb.com\/-\/media\/feature\/products\/data-sheets\/optiq_distributed_acoustic_sensing_interrogator_data_sheet.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025)."},{"key":"ref234\/cit234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revil, A.; Cathles, L. M. Porosity-depth pattern defined by 40 wells in Eugene Island South Addition Block 330 area: Relation to pore pressure, fluid leakage, and seal migration. In\n                      Petroleum Systems of Deep-Water Basins (GCSSEPM 21st Conf.)\n                      ; 2001; pp 687\u2013699. https:\/\/bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com\/sites.coecis.cornell.edu\/dist\/f\/396\/files\/2020\/11\/71-2001-Revil-and-Cathles-GCSSEPM-migrating-seal-porosity-profiles.pdf (accessed July 17, 2025).","DOI":"10.5724\/gcs.01.21.0687"},{"key":"ref235\/cit235","unstructured":"Syed, T. Fiber-Optic Monitoring of CO\n                      2\n                      Storage Wells: State-of-the-Art Review.\n                      Ground Water Protection Council Annual Conference\n                      , Salt Lake City, UT, June 2022. https:\/\/www.gwpc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CCS_TalibSyed.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref236\/cit236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135560"},{"key":"ref237\/cit237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.1523"},{"key":"ref238\/cit238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/segam2018-2996933.1"},{"key":"ref239\/cit239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2014.11.014"},{"key":"ref240\/cit240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trautz, R.; Swisher, J.; Chiaramonte, L.; Hollis, R.; Perron, J.; Pronske, K.; Myhre, R.; Stone, M.; Saini, D.; Jordan, P.; Wagoner, J.; Kent, R.\n                      \n                        California CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (C2SAFE)): Final Technical Report\n                      \n                      . Electric Power Research Institute: Palo Alto, CA, 2018, DOI: 10.2172\/1452864. https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1452864 (accessed July 20, 2025).","DOI":"10.2172\/1452864"},{"key":"ref241\/cit241","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory\n(NETL)\n                      . CarbonSAFE Phase III: Sweetwater Carbon\nStorage Hub; U.S. DOE: Pittsburgh, PA, 2024. https:\/\/netl.doe.gov\/projects\/files\/CarbonSAFE%20Phase%20III%20Sweetwater%20Carbon%20Storage%20Hub.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref242\/cit242","unstructured":"Fawad, M.; B\u00f8e, R.; Bredal, M.; Johansen, S. E.; Rokoengen, K.; Tappel, I. M.; Tjelland, T.\n                      \n                        Subsurface CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Atlas of the Norwegian Continental Shelf\n                      \n                      ; Norwegian Petroleum Directorate: Stavanger, Norway, 2009. https:\/\/www.sodir.no\/490a7e\/globalassets\/1-sodir\/publikasjoner\/atlas-eng\/co2-atlas-north-sea.pdf (accessed Sept 27, 2025)."},{"key":"ref243\/cit243","unstructured":"European\nUnion. Directive\n2009\/31\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April\n2009 on the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide.\n                      Off. J. Eur. Union\n                      2009, L140, 114\u2013135. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32009L0031 (accessed Sept 27, 2025)."},{"key":"ref244\/cit244","unstructured":"Canada\u2013Newfoundland\nand Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board\n(C-NLOPB).\n                      Guideline for Petroleum-Related\nAuthorizations and Approvals\n                      ; 2024-12\u201331. https:\/\/www.cnlopb.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/guidelines\/guidelinepetroauth.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref245\/cit245","unstructured":"Neele, F. Rotterdam CCUS Project Porthos (EIA and Technical Plans). Presentation, Jan\/Feb 2020. https:\/\/gccc.beg.utexas.edu\/files\/gccc\/media\/4th%20international%20workshop%20on%20offshore%20geologic%20co2%20storage\/18-12_1203%20Neele%20Porthos%20and%20Athos%20projects%20V1.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref246\/cit246","unstructured":"Porthos\nTeam. The\nRoad to Porthos: Enabling Factors. GHGT-17 Conference\nPaper, 2024. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/Delivery.cfm\/SSRN_ID5034355_code7216001.pdf?abstractid=5034355 (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref247\/cit247","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency (EPA). Underground\nInjection Control (UIC) Program Class\nVI Wells \u2013 Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide; 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/uic\/class-vi-wells-used-geologic-sequestration-co2 (accessed Sept 26, 2025)."},{"key":"ref248\/cit248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17061349"},{"key":"ref249\/cit249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meckel, T.; Trevino, R.; Hovorka, S. Opportunities for Offshore CCS in the Gulf of Mexico.\n                      AAPG Annual Convention & Exhibition\n                      , San Antonio, TX, May 2019. Search and Discovery Article No. 80703. https:\/\/www.searchanddiscovery.com\/pdfz\/documents\/2019\/80703meckel\/ndx_meckel.pdf.html (accessed Sept 27, 2025).","DOI":"10.1306\/80703Meckel2019"},{"key":"ref250\/cit250","unstructured":"Godec, M. L.\n                      Continuous Terrestrial Storage (CTS) 1.8: Overview of Modeling Approaches and Case Studies\n                      ; Carbon Management Program (24CM). U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory: Pittsburgh, PA, 2024. https:\/\/netl.doe.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/netl-file\/24CM\/24CM_CTS1_8_Godec.pdf (accessed Sept 27, 2025)."},{"key":"ref251\/cit251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46690\/ager.2023.08.02"},{"key":"ref252\/cit252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1073-5"},{"key":"ref253\/cit253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es035338i"},{"key":"ref254\/cit254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1750-5836(06)00004-1"},{"key":"ref255\/cit255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/106817-PA"},{"key":"ref256\/cit256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2009.10.010"},{"key":"ref257\/cit257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202473109"},{"key":"ref258\/cit258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-010-9582-z"},{"key":"ref259\/cit259","unstructured":"North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA). Decommissioning and Repurposing; 2025. https:\/\/www.nstauthority.co.uk\/what-we-do\/decommissioning-and-repurposing\/ (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref260\/cit260","unstructured":"International\nEnergy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme\n(IEAGHG).\n                      \n                        Re-Use of Oil & Gas\nFacilities for CO\n                        2\n                        Transport and Storage (2018\u201306)\n                      \n                      ; 2018. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2018-06%20Re-Use%20of%20Oil%20%26%20Gas%20Facilities%20for%20CO2%20Transport%20And%20Storage.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref261\/cit261","unstructured":"OGCI CCUS\nHub. Bayou Bend CCS; 2025. https:\/\/ccushub.ogci.com\/focus_hubs\/bayou-bend-ccs\/ (retrieved June 19, 2025)."},{"key":"ref262\/cit262","unstructured":"UH Energy,\nSubsea Systems Institute. Repurposing\nOffshore Infrastructure for Clean Energy\n\u2013 Technical Considerations (ROICE-PIF); 2024. https:\/\/www.uh.edu\/energy\/_docs\/_projects\/roice-technical-considerations.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref263\/cit263","unstructured":"Det Norske\nVeritas (DNV).\n                      DNV-RP-F104: Design\nand Operation of Carbon Dioxide Pipelines\n                      (2021 ed., amended Sept 2021). https:\/\/www.dnv.com\/energy\/standards-guidelines\/dnv-rp-f104-design-and-operation-of-carbon-dioxide-pipelines\/ (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref264\/cit264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luna-Ortiz, E.; Yao, C.; Barnes, J.; Winter, M.; Healey, M. Development of a CO\n                      2\n                      specification for industrial CCS transport networks: Methodology, limitations and opportunities. In\n                      Offshore Technology Conference\n                      ; OTC: 2022; D021S025R004. 10.4043\/32103-MS.","DOI":"10.4043\/32103-MS"},{"key":"ref265\/cit265","unstructured":"UK CCS Research\nCentre. HyNet NW Cluster\u2500CO\n                      2\n                      Transport & Storage (Slides); Eni UK, Dec 1, 2021. https:\/\/ukccsrc.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/21.12.01-Martin-Currie-HyNet-NW-Cluster-CO2-Transport-and-Storage.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref266\/cit266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2021.103533"},{"key":"ref267\/cit267","unstructured":"Maxwell, S. We need to apply circular economy principles to accelerate CO\n                      2\n                      storage.\n                      Aquaterra Energy\n                      , Sept 17, 2024. https:\/\/aquaterraenergy.com\/we-need-to-apply-circular-economy-principles-to-accelerate-co2-storage\/ (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref268\/cit268","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering","author":"Efthymiou M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref269\/cit269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/se-10-871-2019"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref270\/cit270.1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG). Injection Strategies for CO2 Storage Sites (Technical Report 2010\/04)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref270\/cit270.2","unstructured":"2010. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2010-04%20Injection%20Strategies%20for%20CO2%20Storage%20Sites.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref271\/cit271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119668"},{"key":"ref272\/cit272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sachde, D.; McKaskle, R.; Lundeen, J. Review of technical challenges, risks, path forward, and economics of offshore CO\n                      2\n                      transportation and infrastructure (OTC-29253-MS). In\n                      Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference\n                      ; Houston, TX, May 6\u20139, 2019. 10.4043\/29253-MS.","DOI":"10.4043\/29253-MS"},{"key":"ref273\/cit273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panchal, Y.; Amirlatifi, A.; Sameh, O.; Mostafa, M.; Ovalle, A.; Abou-Sayed, O.; Mohamed, I. M. Use of horizontal drilling for CO\n                      2\n                      sequestration in low storage capacity aquifers: From impossible to feasible (SPE-209983-MS). In\n                      SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition\n                      ; Houston, TX, Oct 2022. 10.2118\/209983-MS.","DOI":"10.2118\/209983-MS"},{"key":"ref274\/cit274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app132312830"},{"key":"ref275\/cit275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14165054"},{"key":"ref276\/cit276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2016.06.006"},{"key":"ref277\/cit277","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Greenhouse\nGas R&D Programme\n(IEAGHG).\n                      \n                        7th International Workshop\non Offshore Geologic CO\n                        2\n                        Storage\n                      \n                      (Technical Report\n2025-TR01); 2025. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2025-TR01%207th%20International%20Offshore%20Workshop.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref278\/cit278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2016.04.018"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref279\/cit279.1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG). Extraction of Formation Water from CO2 Storage (Technical Report 2012\/12)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref279\/cit279.2","unstructured":"2012. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2012-12%20Extraction%20of%20Formation%20Water%20from%20CO2%20Storage.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref280\/cit280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/c5010004"},{"key":"ref281\/cit281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020986"},{"key":"ref282\/cit282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15020566"},{"key":"ref283\/cit283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2021.103422"},{"key":"ref284\/cit284","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas\nR&D Programme\n(IEAGHG).\n                      \n                        Components of CCS Infrastructure\n\u2013 Interim CO\n                        2\n                        Holding Options\n                      \n                      (Technical\nReport 2023\u201304); 2023. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2023-04%20Components%20of%20CCS%20Infrastructure%20-%20Interim%20CO2%20Holding%20Options.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref285\/cit285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.02.078"},{"key":"ref286\/cit286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17051201"},{"key":"ref287\/cit287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/209340-MS"},{"key":"ref288\/cit288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saber, E.; Qu, Q.; Sarmadivaleh, M.; Aminossadati, S. M.; Chen, Z. A new coupled approach to simulating fault reactivation during CO\n                      2\n                      sequestration (SPE-217287-MS).\n                      Soc. Pet. Eng.\n                      2023, November. 10.2118\/217287-MS.","DOI":"10.2118\/217287-MS"},{"key":"ref289\/cit289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Society\nof Petroleum Engineers (SPE).\n                      \n                        Guidelines\nfor Applications of the CO\n                        2\n                        Storage Resources Management\nSystem (SRMS)\n                      \n                      ; 2022. 10.2118\/9781613998786 (accessed July 21, 2025).","DOI":"10.2118\/9781613998786"},{"key":"ref290\/cit290","unstructured":"Equinor\nASA. Equinor\nAcquires Stake in Bayou Bend CCS Project; Aug 28, 2023. https:\/\/www.equinor.com\/news\/20230828-bayou-bend-ccs-project (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref291\/cit291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.03.016"},{"key":"ref292\/cit292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70163-5"},{"key":"ref293\/cit293","unstructured":"International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme\n(IEAGHG). CO\n                      2\n                      Transport\nand Storage Cost Review; IEAGHG Technical Report 2021-TR02; IEAGHG: Cheltenham,\nUK, 2021. https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/publications\/co2-transport-and-storage-cost-review\/ (accessed July 24, 2025)."},{"key":"ref294\/cit294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14020138"},{"key":"ref295\/cit295","unstructured":"U.S.\nDepartment of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy & Carbon Management\n(FECM). AI\u2019s Role in Reliable Carbon Transport\nand Storage; 2023. https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-03\/ai-role-in-reliable-carbon-transport-and-storage.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref296\/cit296","unstructured":"U.S.\nDepartment of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy & Carbon Management\n(FECM). Point-Source Carbon Capture (Fact Sheet); Feb 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-04\/point-source-carbon-capture.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref297\/cit297","unstructured":"International\nEnergy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme\n(IEAGHG).\n                      \n                        Managing the Transition\nof Depleted Oil and Gas Fields to CO\n                        2\n                        Storage\n                      \n                      (Technical\nReport 2024\u201305); 2024. https:\/\/publications.ieaghg.org\/technicalreports\/2024-05%20Managing%20the%20transition%20of%20depleted%20oil%20and%20gas%20fields%20to%20CO2%20storage.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref298\/cit298","unstructured":"McNally, R. The CarbonNet Project \u2013 The Next Phase. Presentation, Sept 2022. https:\/\/www.jogmec.go.jp\/content\/300379724.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref299\/cit299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003143376-5","volume-title":"Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning","author":"Sun A. Y.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref300\/cit300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-025-10329-0"},{"key":"ref301\/cit301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aldakheel, M.; Pevzner, R.; Gurevich, B.; Glubokovskikh, S. Seismic characterization of CO\n                      2\n                      storage driven by time-lapse images of a prior injection using the artificial neural network.\n                      Interpretation\n                      2021, 9 (3). 10.1190\/INT-2020-0244.1.","DOI":"10.1190\/INT-2020-0244.1"},{"key":"ref302\/cit302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/tle42070474.1"},{"key":"ref303\/cit303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1190\/tle44010007.1"},{"key":"ref304\/cit304","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).\n                      Digital Climate Solutions Inventory\n                      (includes SMART Subsurface\nInitiative); 2022. https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-09\/Digital_Climate_Solutions_Inventory.pdf (accessed July 21, 2025)."},{"key":"ref305\/cit305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107255108"},{"key":"ref306\/cit306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207863"},{"key":"ref307\/cit307","unstructured":"Leong, Y. J.; Zhu, Y.; Sun, W. SeisCO2Net: Deep learning for time-lapse seismic inversion to estimate CO\n                      2\n                      saturation. Master\u2019s Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. https:\/\/www.esgsolutions.com\/quest-carbon-capture-and-storage (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref308\/cit308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2020.103115"},{"key":"ref309\/cit309","unstructured":"Galybin, K.; Kaygusuz, R. S.; Stadnik, M.; Nakisci, B. The feasibility of microseismic monitoring in turbulent oilfields using surface geophone array.\n                      86th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition\n                      , Amsterdam, 2025 (Conference paper). https:\/\/usea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/event-\/1-3%20-%20Dan%20Amanda%20Melissa%20-%205%208%202024%20DOE%20Panel%20Dan%20Amanda%20Melissa.pdf (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref310\/cit310","unstructured":"U.S. Department\nof Energy (DOE).\n                      AI for Energy: Opportunities\nto Enable Rapid Decarbonization\n                      ; 2024. https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-04\/AI%20EO%20Report%20Section%205.2g%28i%29_043024.pdf (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref311\/cit311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249742"},{"key":"ref312\/cit312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2024.104277"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref313\/cit313","first-page":"18","volume":"42","author":"Bacci V. O.","year":"2017","journal-title":"CSEG Recorder"},{"key":"ref314\/cit314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggaf176"},{"key":"ref315\/cit315","unstructured":"International\nEnergy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG). CO\n                      2\n                      Storage Site Catalogue, 2024-TR03, July 2024. doi.org\/10.62849\/2024-TR03."},{"key":"ref316\/cit316","volume-title":"Carbon Storage Capacity of Australia\u2019s Offshore Basins","author":"Geoscience Australia.","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref317\/cit317","volume-title":"Petrobras Reinjected 14.2 Mt of CO2 in 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref318\/cit318","unstructured":"Intentions Paper\u2500Offshore\nCarbon Dioxide Storage in Sub-Seabed\nGeological Formations\n                      ; Government of Nova\nScotia, Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables: Halifax, 2024. https:\/\/www.letstalknaturalresources.ca\/46867\/widgets\/199846\/documents\/148343 (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref319\/cit319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-093020-091447"},{"key":"ref320\/cit320","unstructured":"Trupp, M. A History of the Gorgon CO\n                      2\n                      Injection System; SSRN Working Paper 3815492, 2021. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3815492 (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref321\/cit321","unstructured":"Australian\nGovernment.\n                      Offshore\nPetroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 (Cth)\n                      ; consolidated\nversion 2006\u20132023. AustLII: Canberra. https:\/\/classic.austlii.edu.au\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/opaggsa2006446\/ (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref322\/cit322","unstructured":"Ministry\nof Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).\n                      CCS Business Act 2024: Implementation Guidelines\n                      ; Tokyo, 2024. (Provisional\ntranslation). https:\/\/www.enecho.meti.go.jp\/en\/category\/special\/article\/detail_201.html (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref323\/cit323","unstructured":"Korea Ministry\nof Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE).\n                      Act on the Capture, Transportation, Storage,\nand Utilization of Carbon Dioxide (CCUS Act, 2024)\n                      ; Seoul, 2024. Promulgated February 2024. https:\/\/www.kimchang.com\/en\/insights\/detail.kc?idx=29115 (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref324\/cit324","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia\nNacional do Petr\u00f3leo (ANP).\n                      Fuels of the Future Act (Federal Law No.\n14,993\/2024): Brazil\u2019s CCS Law\n                      ; Bras\u00edlia, 2024. https:\/\/cdrlaw.org\/resources\/brazils-fuels-of-the-future-bill-federal-law-no-14993-2024\/ (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref325\/cit325","unstructured":"Ministry\nof Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE).\n                      Proposals for a Regulatory Regime for Carbon\nCapture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)\n                      ; Consultation Document;\nWellington, 2024. https:\/\/www.mbie.govt.nz\/dmsdocument\/28611-proposals-for-a-regulatory-regime-for-carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref326\/cit326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2007.01.021"},{"key":"ref327\/cit327","unstructured":"Civillini, M. COP29 Host Azerbaijan Launches Green Energy Unit to Sceptical Response.\n                      Climate Home News\n                      , Jan 25, 2024. https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2024\/01\/25\/cop29-host-azerbaijan-launches-green-energy-unit-to-sceptical-response\/ (accessed 2025-10-04)."},{"key":"ref328\/cit328","unstructured":"Santos Ltd.\n                      Bayu-Undan Gas\nExport Pipeline \u2500 Environment Plan Fact Sheet\n                      ; 27\nOct 2023. https:\/\/www.santos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Bayu-Undan-Gas-Export-Pipeline-EP-Fact-Sheet.pdf (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref329\/cit329","unstructured":"Department\nof Jobs, Skills, Industry and Regions (Victoria).\n                      CarbonNet \u2500 Fact Sheet 1: About the\nCarbonNet Project\n                      ; 2023. https:\/\/djsir.vic.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0011\/2219276\/CarbonNet-Factsheet-1-About-project.pdf (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref330\/cit330","unstructured":"New Zealand\nGovernment.\n                      Emissions\nReduction Plan \u2013 CCUS Policy Framework\n                      ; Ministry for Business, Innovation & Employment: Wellington, 2024. https:\/\/www.mbie.govt.nz\/building-and-energy\/energy-and-natural-resources\/low-emissions-economy\/emissions-reduction-plan (accessed 2025-10-04)."},{"key":"ref331\/cit331","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia\nNacional do Petr\u00f3leo (ANP).\n                      CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage):\nResponsibilities & Regulatory Role under Law No. 14,993\/2024\n                      ; Bras\u00edlia, 2025. https:\/\/www.gov.br\/anp\/en\/ccus (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref332\/cit332","unstructured":"HD Hyundai\nHeavy Industries.\n                      \n                        Floating Offshore\nCO\n                        2\n                        Storage Platform Design (Preliminary)\n                      \n                      ; Seoul, 2023. https:\/\/maritime-executive.com\/article\/hd-hyundai-to-build-offshore-platform-for-korea-s-largest-ccs-project (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref333\/cit333","unstructured":"Japan Organization\nfor Metals and Energy Security (JOGMEC).\n                      Advanced Efforts for Commercialization of\nCCS\u2500Nine Projects Selected in FY2024\n                      ; News Release;\nTokyo, July 24, 2024. https:\/\/www.jogmec.go.jp\/english\/news\/release\/news_10_00072.html (accessed July 25, 2025)."},{"key":"ref334\/cit334","unstructured":"Ministry\nof Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).\n                      Designation of a Sea Area Offshore Tomakomai City, Hokkaido\nPrefecture as a Site under the CCS Business Act\n                      ; Press Release;\nTokyo, Feb 21, 2025. https:\/\/www.meti.go.jp\/english\/press\/2025\/0221_003.html (accessed July 25, 2025)."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c10510","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c10510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:50:15Z","timestamp":1774342215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c10510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":336,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acsomega.5c10510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.5c10510","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343","2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}}}